§Four constituent countries – Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao & Saint Martin (in the Caribbean)
§Netherlands = European & Caribbean Netherlands (municipalities of Bonaire, Saba & Sint Eustatius)
§The North Sea to the north & west, Belgium to the south, Germany to the east
§41,500 km2 , 17 million people
§Amsterdam – capital & largest city, The Hague – seat of government; Willem-Alexander
§Trilateral Benelux economic union
§International courts – Permanent Court of Arbitration, International Court of Justice,
International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Court & Special
Tribunal for Lebanon
§The Hague – first four + EU criminal intelligence agency Europol
§13 million foreign tourists
Netherlands
Nederland or Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region.svg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/2000px-Flag_o
f_the_Netherlands.svg.png http://i.infopls.com/images/mnetherl.gif

§Four constituent countries – Netherlands + Aruba, Curaçao & Saint Martin (in the Caribbean)
§Excellent conditions for snorkelling & scuba diving at coral reefs
Tourist attractions
http://www.ua.aw/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Beach-Aruba.jpg
http://sailrocketeer.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/st-martin-sailing-vacation.jpg
Sint Maarten
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Willemstad_harbor.jpg/1280px-Willemstad_h
arbor.jpg
Curacao
Bonaire with the turtles on Klein Bonaire
http://www.wanapalodgebonaire.com/images/gallery/activities/activities25.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Air_France_Airbus_A340-313X_Breidenstein-
2.jpg/800px-Air_France_Airbus_A340-313X_Breidenstein-2.jpg
http://www.duikkids.nl/Afbeeldingen/Pagina%20afb/Duiklocaties/Kaart%20Caribisch%20gebied.png

§Netherlands = European mainland & Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba & Sint Eustatius)
§Bonaire – of mixed volcanic & coral origin, Saba & Sint Eustatius – hilly islands of volcanic
origin
n
Tourist attractions
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bonaire_Red_Slave_Huts.jpg/1280px-Bonaire
_Red_Slave_Huts.jpg
Slave huts
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/BONAIRE-kralendijk-hafen-2.jpg
http://www.bonairefuntravel.co.uk/images/1073/26085.jpg
http://www.skipharper.com/images/SabaApt.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quill_dormant_vulcano.jpg/1280px-Quill_do
rmant_vulcano.jpg
Saba
Sint Eustatius
http://www.duikkids.nl/Afbeeldingen/Pagina%20afb/Duiklocaties/Kaart%20Caribisch%20gebied.png
Bonaire

§20 national parks, hundreds of nature reserves – lakes, heathlands, woods, dunes
§Windmills, tulips, wooden shoes, cheese, Delftware pottery, cannabis
Tourist attractions
2012-08-25 Loonse en Drunense Duinen – Tree.jpg
Loonse en Drunense Duiden NP
Netherlands Grote Peel lake.jpg
De Groote Peel NP
http://bravotours.rs/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/amsterdam-holandija-13.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/c0/b5/e6/c0b5e620671f2517df24a4382e96a96f.jpg
https://static1.squarespace.com/static/52fce764e4b08fc45bdadb72/52ff374de4b018a8a07c7463/5432990ae4
b037c4b97c0aa7/1417454006997/?format=1000w
http://norml-uk.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/smokey.jpg
http://m6.i.pbase.com/g6/07/714607/2/71787726.0MF8Ak3F.jpg

§Zaanse Schans – historic windmills & houses (anchor point of the European Route of Industrial
Heritage)
§Volendam – old fishing boats & traditional costumes still worn
§Marken – picturesque colourful wooden houses
§Alkmaar – old centre & traditional cheese market
§
Tourist attractions
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/83913603.jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7080/7140938245_8d862f3fd1_b.jpg
Zaanse Schans
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DjAyJ11ir90/UQQSeCaExTI/AAAAAAAALFs/7byDR6bfqmI/s1600/Netherlands%2BVolen
dam%2BVillage%2BView%2Bfrom%2BOdin.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Costumes-Maroesjka-Heeze-1989.jpg/1280px-
Costumes-Maroesjka-Heeze-1989.jpg
Volendam
http://ready-to-camp.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Alkmaar-Netherlands-1241164146.jpg
https://www.elines.cz/images/image/offers/_DSC0118_photo%20by_Nature%20in%20Picture.JPG
Marken

§Delft – historic town centre with canals, Delft Blue pottery.
§Naarden – well-preserved example of star fort with fortification walls & moat
§Lisse – Kitchen Garden (Keukenhof), one of largest flower gardens in the world (7 mil flower
bulbs)
Tourist attractions
Muiderslot by Edi Weissmann.jpg
http://www.harrier.nl/sites/default/files/Naarden%20Star%20Fort%2015.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Keukenhof_340.JPG/1280px-Keukenhof_340.JP
G http://citrawidiastuti.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/delft_centre.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Delft_plate_faience_Famille_Rose_1760_178
0.jpg/800px-Delft_plate_faience_Famille_Rose_1760_1780.jpg
Muiden 13c
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/2c/34/60/2c34607e561c0a2a4dbe6441cbf2eef2.jpg

§17-century canals in the heart of the city
amsterdam
http://s3.amazonaws.com/medias.photodeck.com/939d1ddc-a257-11e3-a00c-113ce6a62d06/78120_xgaplus.jpg
http://www.lifetip.cz/wp-content/uploads/Amsterdam-no%C4%8Dn%C3%AD-%C5%BEivot-coffee-shopy-a-kv%C4%
9Btinov%C3%A9-trhy.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/d1/84/3d/d1843dc0bc372d4ef3bec8183820929a.jpg
KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg

§Van Gogh Museum, State Museum (Rijksmuseum), Anne Frank House
§National Tulip Day – every January
§De Wallen – red light district
amsterdam
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amsterdam_rijkmuseum.JPG/1280px-Amsterdam
_rijkmuseum.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Van_Gogh_Museum.jpg/1280px-Van_Gogh_Museu
m.jpg
http://www.stmaartenlibrary.org/sites/default/files/imagecache/view-850/blog-photos/inside_anne_fra
nks_house.jpg http://static.thousandwonders.net/De.Wallen.original.10677.jpg
https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-3sU2C3DYCec/Usk3dAIVpII/AAAAAAAACkw/bOdQCWi_7EA/w1539-h1024/Amst
erdam%252C%2BNational%2BTulip%2BDay_02.jpg
National Tulip Day
De Wallen
Anne Frank House
State Museum
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_pip
e_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/800px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_Self-portrait_with_pipe_-_Google_Art_Project.jp
g
Van Gogh Museum

§Nine cultural sites, one natural site
§Nine are on the European Mainland, one in Curaçao
§One transboundary with Germany & Denmark
Unesco world heritage sites
http://www.photographyblogger.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/1-tulip-fields.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/57/44/37/5744378594b0d7887e57352c14601f1e.jpg
http://m6.i.pbase.com/g6/07/714607/2/71787726.0MF8Ak3F.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Nijl%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg/1280px-Nij
l%C3%A2nnermolen_Workum.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Netherlands_Grote_Peel_lake.jpg/1280px-Ne
therlands_Grote_Peel_lake.jpg

§Largest unbroken system of intertidal sand & mud flats in the world (10,000 km²)
§Between north-western coast of Europe & Frisian Islands (Wadden Sea Islands)
§From Den Helder (Netherlands), past river estuaries (Germany) to Skallingen (Denmark), 500 km
§Shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands, rich in biodiversity & transitional habitats
§Tidal channels, sandy shoals, sea-grass meadows, mussel beds, mudflats, marshes, beaches, dunes
§Numerous plant & animal species (seals, harbour porpoise, migratory birds)
Wadden sea
http://whenonearth.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/wadden-sea-denmark-woe2-690x458.jpg
http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/sites/default/files/downloads/map.jpg
http://portfolio.lesoir.be/main.php?g2_view=core.DownloadItem&g2_itemId=399560
http://i302.photobucket.com/albums/nn95/sveta_by/LJ/4-29.jpg
http://wli.wwt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/WLI-Waders-Haus-Husum1.jpg
http://www.waddensea-secretariat.org/sites/default/files/downloads/map.jpg
http://www.visitdenmark.co.uk/sites/default/files/styles/galleries_ratio/public/vdk_images/Attracti
ons-Activities-interest-accommodation-people-geo/Geography-places/The-regions/South-jylland/marskla
ndskab.jpg?itok=v5eY8tt_
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_1314_0022-500-333-20151104165928.jpg

§Largest steam-powered pumping station ever built (situated at Lemmer)
§Opened (by Queen Wilhelmina) in 1920, to pump excess water out of Friesland,
§1967 converted from coal to run on heavy fuel oil
Ir. D. F. Woudagemaal
(D. F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station)
Woudagemaal 1.jpg http://www.werelderfgoed.nl/sites/default/files/images/woudagemaal_03.jpg
http://werelderfgoed.nl/sites/default/files/images/foto_woudagemaal_-_u.zwaga_.jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3834/12350313043_71cf9de292_b.jpg

§Peninsula, by 15 c had become island, Zuider Zee (shallow bay of the North Sea) thread of floods
§1825 –flood → massive destruction → island evacuated & permanent settlement ended in 1859
§1942 – Noordoostpolder reclaimed from the sea (the Zuider Zee was drained)→ lost status of island
§slightly elevated part above polder, outlines of island visible, parts of the wall of the
waterfront
§Schokland – symbol of struggle of people against the sea (has lasted 6,000 years & still continues
Schokland and Surroundings
http://www.ens-nop.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Luchtfoto-museum-Schokland.jpg
http://www.bestmag.nl/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Luchtfoto-heel-Schokland.jpg
http://www.emmeloord.info/images/Emmeloord/kaartje-Schokland-1773.jpg
https://www.welt-atlas.de/datenbank/karten/karte-1-880.gif

§First polder in Netherlands, reclaimed from Lake Beemster – water extracted by windmills
§1609-1612 – to acquire new agricultural land & space for country residences + to fight flooding
§Intact geometric pattern of fields, roads, canals, dykes & settlements + canals parallel roads
§Religious, residential, farm & industrial buildings along the roads (17-19 centuries)
§Five forts – part of the Defence Line of Amsterdam (built 1880-1920)
Droogmakerij de Beemster
(Beemster Polder)
A Beemsterlants Caerte Daniël van Breen 1658.jpg
http://bc02.rp-online.de/polopoly_fs/themendienst-bericht-bernd-f-meier-24-1.4966875.1427181993%21h
ttpImage/477371644.jpg_gen/derivatives/d940x/477371644.jpg http://burlaki.com/pics/Beemster-3.jpg
http://werelderfgoedfotos.nl/images/galleries/11/1.Beemster%20Polder.jpg
http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3820/9058907760_e3faa84414.jpg
http://ifthenisnow.eu/sites/default/files/beemster_meer.jpg

§Amsterdam: 1880-1920, 135 km, 42 armed forts (10-15 km from the centre) & lowlands (easily flooded
in time of war); buildings within 1 km of line – made of wood (could be burnt)
§New Line: 1815-1940, 85 km, 3 forts, 6 fortified towns, 2 castles, canals, etc.
§Based on flooding of land designed to give depth of app 30 cm (insufficient for boats to navigate)
Dutch water defence lines
Defence Line of Amsterdam; new dutch waterline
Stelling van Amsterdam
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Muizenfort.jpg/1280px-Muizenfort.jpg
526452-Fort Pampus.jpg http://sekaiisan.jp/earth/Naarden04.jpg
http://www.daysout.nl/img/dagjeweg/http---www-dagjeweg-nl-img-afb-e-6-7-395-inhoud-stellingamsterda
m4-961.jpg

§App 100 km of canals, 90 islands & 1,500 bridges; 4 main concentric half-circles of canals
§Singelgracht – outer canal for purposes of defence & water management
§Grachtengordel = 3 main canals (Herengracht, Keizersgracht & Prinsengracht)
§Interconnecting canals (primarily for transportation of goods)
Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_1349_0015-500-333-20150928143935.jpg
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_1349_0021-500-333-20150928143939.jpg
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_1349_0018-500-334-20150928143937.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/72/28/ed/7228ed215c95c04106ad17d7402c29ac.jpg
https://c1.staticflickr.com/3/2907/14281684549_baf1c5016b_b.jpg
http://www.filavaria.nl/images/adamgrachtengordel.jpg
Prinsen
Keizers
Singel
Heren

§Family house in Utrecht – Dutch architect Gerrit Thomas Rietveld (1924)
§Example of De Stijl architecture (The Style, Dutch artistic movement also known as neoplasticism)
§Interior – changeable open zone, sliding & revolving panels (allow flexible spatial arrangement)
Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House)
Rietveld Schröderhuis HayKranen-20.JPG
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-YsGPa1dVEAk/TjLo-ISjpXI/AAAAAAAACNU/9vCgBUbyIIc/s1600/Rietveld+Schr%25C3%
25B6der+Haus.jpg http://i.ytimg.com/vi/qLHCYeswxuI/maxresdefault.jpg
http://inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/09/Gerrit-Rietveld-Adaptable-Rietveld-Schr%C
3%B6der-House-Utrecht-8.jpg

§Kinderdijk – village situated in the Alblasserwaard polder at confluence of rivers Lek & Noord
§System of 19 windmills built around 1740 – to drain the polder
§Typical features of drainage technology (dykes, reservoirs, pumping stations & administrative
buildings)
Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout
http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large/2741871.jpg
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WImC8A8o28s/U8dZhL0QFDI/AAAAAAAAG8c/vWRDg6Z53f4/s1600/Kinderdijk-Elshout-
Mill-Netherlands-001.jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-y49vWilP4oM/U8dZrB5lFZI/AAAAAAAAG9c/msY7nyGNmTg/s1600/Kinderdijk-Elshout-
Mill-Netherlands-011.jpg
http://www.vikingrivercruises.com/images/DAY_EU-GrandRivers_d9_Kinderdijk-windmil_478x345_tcm21-965
1.jpg https://www.kinderdijk.com/files/kaarten/kaart01.jpg

§1920s – banks of canal in the Spaanse Polder industrial zone
§Complex of factories with facades of steel & glass, curtain wall principle
§‘Ideal factory’ open to the outside, working spaces evolved to provide pleasant working conditions
Van Nellefabriek
http://urbanguides.nl/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/vannelle-website-1200x800.jpg
http://www.vannellefabriek.com/Portals/3/Van_Nelle_Fabriek_Headers100_thumbnail.jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5557/14703821150_83a3939fb0_b.jpg
http://www.fengshui-visie.com/wp-content/uploads/3-20140826_1847131.jpg

§Willemstad – capital city of Curaçao, established as trading settlement at natural harbour (1634)
§Several historic districts reflecting different areas of colonial town planning & development
§Colourful buildings – local tradition from 1817 when white lime exterior was prohibited
Historic Area of Willemstad,
Inner City & Harbour (Curaçao)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Queen_Emma_Bridge_in_Cura%C3%A7ao.jpg/128
0px-Queen_Emma_Bridge_in_Cura%C3%A7ao.jpg
http://www.wearetravellers.nl/wp-content/uploads/Straatje-pietermaai-curacao.jpg?c1241a
http://footo.nl/userphotos/2012/0505/3NfeBM7H.jpg
Otrobanda
Pietermaai
Punda
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2106/2220214742_8117406189.jpg
Scharloo

§Transnational – with Belgium; experiment in social reform aimed to reduce poverty (small farms for
families; larger centralised farms with dormitories for beggars, orphans, etc.; peak – 11,000
people)
§Frederiksoord, Wilhelminaoord and Veenhuizen in the Netherlands + Wortel in Belgium
Colonies of benevolence

§Between Germania inferior (Roman province) and Germania Magna
§Not fortified limes BUT river border guarded by a chain of castra
Lower Germanic limes
Frontiers of the roman empire

Thank you for attention