Great Britain
the United kingdom of great Britain and northern Ireland
§Off the north-western coast of the Continent
§Great Britain, north-eastern part of Ireland & many smaller islands
§Ireland to the south; Atlantic to the north-west, North Sea to the east, English Channel to the
south & Celtic Sea to the south-west; Irish Sea between Great Britain & Ireland
§Crown dependencies – Guernsey, Jersey & Isle of Man
§Overseas Territories – Bermuda, Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Montserrat, Saint Helena (app 260,000 people)
§242,500 km2, 64.5 million people
§London, Queen Elizabeth II (since 1952)
§31 million foreign tourists
File:United Kingdom in its region.svg File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
http://ukmap.facts.co/ukmapof/UKMap.png

England – iconic sites
§Plymouth (Pilgrims – Mayflower Steps), Portsmouth (HMS Victory), Southampton (RMS Titanic, D-Day)
http://susanscott.net/images/WhiteCliffs13.jpg
Dover
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/The_Bridge_of_Sighs_looking_west_towards_
Catte_Street.jpg/1280px-The_Bridge_of_Sighs_looking_west_towards_Catte_Street.jpg
Oxford
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Part_of_Peterhouse_College_-_geograph.org.uk_-_
1508178.jpg
Cambridge
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/William_Shakespeare_-birthplace_-house2.jpg
Stratford
http://www.chesterbagatelle.co.uk/chester.jpg
Chester
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/The_Royal_Pavilion_Brighton.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/MayflowerSteps.jpg/800px-MayflowerSteps.j
pg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Cherhillwhitehorse.jpg
Cherhill White Horse
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Old_Portsmouth.jpg/1280px-Old_Portsmouth.
jpg
Portsmouth
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/RMS_Titanic_Musician%27s_Memorial,_Southampton.
jpg

England – cathedrals
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshi
re%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/1280px-York_Minster_Chapter_House%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Canterbury_Cathedral_Choir_2,_Kent,_UK_-_Diliff
.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Winchester_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Hamshire%2C
_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/1280px-Winchester_Cathedral_Choir%2C_Hamshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg
https://intoxreport.files.wordpress.com/2015/07/winchester-cathedral.jpg
Winchester (7c)
https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/56/143388390_2b1221e9c0_b.jpg
York (11c)
http://karlabennion.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/2011-09-05-Canterbury-Cathedral-Copy.jpg
Canterbury (11c)

File:Salisbury Cathedral June 2015.jpg
http://hisalisbury-stonehenge.co.uk/media/2168/salisbury-cathedral-interior-zen-whisk-2.jpg
Salisbury (13c)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Exeter_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Exeter%2C
_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/800px-Exeter_Cathedral_Lady_Chapel%2C_Exeter%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg
http://www.exeter.anglican.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/F8O6818Exeter-West-front_web.jpg
Exeter  (14c)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Lincoln_Cathedral.jpg
Lincoln (11c)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_U
K_-_Diliff.jpg/1024px-York_Minster_Nave_1%2C_Nth_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg
England – cathedrals

England – castles
§Windsor
§Lincoln (copy of Magna Carta)
http://uclu.org/sites/uclu.org/files/windsor_1.jpg
https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ee-content/media/1720/windsor-castle-guards-21-1.jpg
http://theremnanttrust.info/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/0671-Magna-Charta-Manuscript-1.jpg
http://www.lincolnbig.co.uk/assets/images/content/_widescreen/lincoln-castle-lbig-web.jpg

England – castles
§Nottingham (Robin Hood)
§Winchester (depiction of the Round Table of King Arthur)
http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/03/18/80/3188009_4f8b97d6.jpg
http://www.urbanghostsmedia.com/home/twamoran/urbanghostsmedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/notti
ngham-castle-rock.jpg WinchesterCastle.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/The_Great_Hall%2C_Winchester_Castle_-_geograph.
org.uk_-_1540296.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Winchester_RoundTable.jpg/800px-Wincheste
r_RoundTable.jpg

England – castles
§Leeds Castle (Anne of Bohemia spent the winter of 1381 on her way to be married to Richard II)
§Hampton Court (gardens, maze & Royal Tennis Court – 16 century)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Leeds_castle.JPG/1280px-Leeds_castle.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Leeds_Castle_from_the_west.jpg/1280px-Lee
ds_Castle_from_the_west.jpg Richard2 Anna.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/HamptonCurt.jpg/1280px-HamptonCurt.jpg
http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/Global/property-images/DtoL/FishCourt/Holiday/Hampton%20Court%20aer
ial%20300%20HB22.jpg
http://www.almuntadaschool.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Jesmond-Dene-tennis-court.jpg

England – national parks
A view of grass covered hillside located within a British National Park.
https://www.lumixgexperience.panasonic.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/gallery/DukeSilas/Grasmere-from-Sil
ver-Howe.jpg View to Sharpitor from Meavy.JPG
Peak District
Lake District
Dartmoor
http://www.visitsouthmolton.co.uk/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/exmoor-national-park1.jpg
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/eygYVnX6yf8/maxresdefault.jpg
http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/multimedia/archive/00390/72099297_FOREST_390942c.jpg
Exmoor
Jurassic Coast
New Forest

London
§Founded by Romans – Londonium in 43 AD
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tower_of_London_White_Tower.jpg/1280px-To
wer_of_London_White_Tower.jpg Westminster Abbey 2015.jpg
https://www.stpauls.co.uk/SM4/Mutable/Uploads/imported_media/The_west_facade,_from_south.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Buckingham_Palace_from_gardens%2C_London%
2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/1280px-Buckingham_Palace_from_gardens%2C_London%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg
https://london.globaloutpostservices.com/global/images/imagegallery/the-city/London-British-Museum.
jpg Trafalgar Square, London 2 - Jun 2009.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/London_Eye_-_TQ04_26.jpg/800px-London_Eye
_-_TQ04_26.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Nelson%27s_Column,_Trafalgar_Sq,_London_-_Sep_2
006.jpg

scotland
§Clean, unspoilt country – Scottish Highlands (Ben Nevis), Loch Ness & Lomond
§Caledonian Canal – connects Inverness with Corpach (97 km, 1/3 man-made)
§Thousands historic sites (stone circles, standing stones, burial chambers, Bronze, Iron & Stone
Age remains)
http://www.dunlachlan.co.uk/photos/Ben%20Nevis.jpg
http://www.schottlandreisen.de/images/Karte-Caledonian-Canal.gif
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Caledonian_canal_at_Fort_Augustus.jpg
http://pixartimes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Callanish-Standing-Stones.jpg
http://duntrunehouse.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Pictish-standing-stone-at-Aberlemno.jpg
http://www.aolcdn.com/photogalleryassets/mydailyuk/911648/men-an-tol-megalithic-stone-monument-1300
.jpg

scotland
§Historic castles, houses, battlegrounds, ruins
§Golf (St Andrew), fishing (salmon) & hunting (deer, grouse)
§Scotch whisky – tours around distilleries
http://kingsmillshotel.com/wp-content/uploads/Loch-Ness1.jpg
http://www.visitscotland.com/cms-images/2x1/about/food-drink/whisky/malt-whisky-trail-sign
http://www.visitscotland.com/cms-images/2x1/see-and-do/country-sports/country-sports-salmon
http://www.photographers-resource.co.uk/images/A_heritage/dovecots/article/dunure_ayr.jpg
http://www.kenbell.org/wp-content/flagallery/scotland/blackhouses.jpg
http://oikos-international.org/standrews/wp-content/uploads/sites/108/2014/03/Old-Course-St-Andrews
-Links-Trust-2-960x390.jpg

scotland
§Edinburg – Edinburgh Castle, Palace of Holyrood, Royal Mile, Arthur’s Seat (remnant of volcano)
§Stirling – “Gateway to the Highlands” (between highland & lowland Scotland), Stirling Castle &
Wallace National Monument
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edinburgh_Castle_from_the_south_east.JPG/
1920px-Edinburgh_Castle_from_the_south_east.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Wfm_wallace_monument_cropped.jpg/800px-Wf
m_wallace_monument_cropped.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Stirlingcastle.jpg/1280px-Stirlingcastle.
jpg http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/08/28/article-1209574-06329208000005DC-701_468x368.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/William_Wallace_Statue.JPG

wales
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Wales_2.svg/830px-Flag_of_Wales_2
.svg.png https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/Uk1pnd2000.jpg
http://www.xn--c1adibzobjjo.xn--p1ai/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/51ba99a33af3e68265.jpg
http://www.visitbritainblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Welsh-Valley-by-David-Peters-on-Flickr-6
00.jpg http://cache.diomedia.com/230h/01/AX/UP/01AX-UP9M.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Pentre_Ifan_-neolithic_dolmen_-Wales-1June2009.
jpg
http://www.qub.ac.uk/research-centres/cirb/ConservationEducation/Rhododendron/Image,234661,en.jpg

Wales – national parks
http://www.visitwales.com/%7E/media/5e1d59b183934e1f8f2ec5f333a89cfe.ashx?h=361&la=en&w=642
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02294/Snowdonia-National_2294165i.jpg
Snowdonia
http://www.celtic-trails.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/s119-886-a6_pembroke_g.jpg
Pembrokeshire Coast
https://unfoldingstories.files.wordpress.com/2013/04/img_1733.jpg
Brecon Beacons

Wales – castles
http://www.caernarfon.com/visitwales/caernarfon.jpg
http://www.photographers-resource.co.uk/images/A_heritage/castles/Wales/Beaumaris/3166231165_f49e5e
a026_b.jpg http://www.castlewales.com/conwy01.jpg
Caernarfon
Beaumaris
 Conwy
http://www.britainexpress.com/zen/albums/potd/Harlech-Castle-7737.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Pembroke_Castle_1.jpg
Pembroke
Harlech

Northern Ireland
https://briarcroft.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/rhodiehill21.jpg
http://homeandaway.dk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/nordirland-sevaerdigheder.jpg
http://cdn-01.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/migration_catalog/article25627782.ece/c2d0c/ALTERNATES/w620/mo
urneMountains
http://irelandfamilyvacations.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Castle-Caldwell-Gatehouse.jpg
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/af/e9/7a/afe97add78d4e88d915248f019f430f4.jpg
http://www.hagansleisure.co.uk/media/uploads/Carrick%20A%20Rede%20Bridge%202.jpg
Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge

Northern Ireland
§Over two hundred monastic houses
§Londonderry – only remaining completely walled city in Ireland
§Old Bushmill Distillery – oldest licenced whiskey distillery in the world
http://www.corrymeela.org/cmsfiles/events/2015/SeptOctNov/dunluce.jpg
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/02474/walls400_2474746b.jpg
http://www.travellinglanguages.com/English-in-ireland/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/02/Bushmills_
Old_Bushmills_Distillery_300_dpi.jpg
Dunluce Castle
Maghera Church - geograph.org.uk - 222328.jpg
http://www.whisky-drinker.com/pages/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/BM_BOTTLES_LINEUP_RGB-2.jpg

Unesco world heritage sites
§23 cultural sites, four natural sites, one of cultural-natural character
§17 in England, four in Scotland, three in Wales, one in Northern Ireland, Bermuda, Pitcairn
Islands & Saint Helena
River Stour in Canterbury, England - May 08.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%
2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/1024px-Lincoln_Cathedral_Nave_1%2C_Lincolnshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg Old Royal
Naval College Chapel Interior, Greenwich, London, UK - Diliff.jpg
http://images.boomsbeat.com/data/images/full/38904/canterbury_cathedral_20-jpg.jpg
http://pixdaus.com/files/items/pics/1/16/251116_08a390f8f7f92552eba72650450603e1_large.jpg

Heart of Neolithic Orkney (Scotland)
§Four sites, 5,000 years BP
§Skara Brae (settlement with stone built houses connected by narrow roofed passages)
§Maes Howe (large chambered tomb)
§Stones of Stenness (four surviving standing stones & surrounding ditch)
§Ring of Brodgar (36 surviving stones)
https://digitaldirtvirtualpasts.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/skara_brae_kap_06_hires_c2a9kb.jpg
Maeshowe Chambered Cairn
http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/Maes-Howe-chamber-large_tcm4-562954.jpg
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8pOnqaXMb5I/T-8nLocvYaI/AAAAAAAACGo/7fXovNsmsmE/s1600/Orkney_KAP_Standing
_Stones_of_Stenness.jpg
http://www.aolcdn.com/photogalleryassets/mydailyuk/911648/ring-of-brodgar-standing-stones-1300.jpg
http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/9258b3a2-2717-11e3-bbeb-00144feab7de.img

St kilda
§Volcanic archipelago off the west coast of Scotland, no permanent residents since 1930
§Towering black cliffs (430 metres) with steep grass-green slopes
§One million seabirds at the breeding season (incl rare & endangered species)
§Evidence of two millennia of human occupation (stone huts & houses, field systems)
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_YDeW6uBEz2o/SGqdnNmCSyI/AAAAAAAADYs/JrRDYRorXWk/s400/080602IMG_3797.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Soaysheepkilda.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Machias_Seal_Island_puffins.jpg
http://www.northernlight-uk.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/the-high-street-in-the-village-on-hirta-
st-kilda-by-dawn-menzies.jpg
http://i4.dailyrecord.co.uk/incoming/article1761256.ece/ALTERNATES/s615/St%20Kilda%20.jpg
http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/596/cache/st-kilda-hebrides-scotland
_59660_990x742.jpg
Atlantic puffin
Feral Soay sheep
Stac Levenish

Forth bridge
§Railway bridge – spans the estuary of the Forth River, opened in 1890
§Earliest great multi-span cantilever bridge in the world & one of the longest (2,529 metres)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/The_guts_of_the_Forth_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_
-_1318782.jpg
https://bostondecksandporches.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/cantilever_bridge-forth-bridge-edinburgh-
scotland1.jpg https://watchoot.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/forth-bridge.jpg

Old and new town of Edinburgh
§Old Town – along ridge from the Castle on Castle Rock (remnant of volcano) to Palace of Holyrood
§Medieval narrow closes, merchant & noble houses (up to six storeys)
File:St Giles Cathedral - 01.jpg
Saint Giles
https://files.list.co.uk/images/2009/09/24/old-town-pic-LST048302.jpg
Old Town
http://www.eprover.org/EVENTS/PAAR-2010/Arthurs_seat_edinburgh.jpg
Arthur’s Seat
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Royal_Palace_of_Holyroodhouse_2.jpg
http://www.celysvet.cz/krasne-fotky/staty/164/edinburgh-castle--edinburgh--scotland.jpg
Castle
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Edinburgh_map.png
Hollyrood

Old and new town of Edinburgh
§New Town – Neo-Classical, glacial plain to the north of Old Town, large green spaces (18c onwards)
§Waverley Valley with Princes Street Gardens
http://www.stuckonscotland.co.uk/pictures/new_town_edinburgh_scotland_G6104.jpg
https://www.greatrail.com/media/21424417/edinburgh-victoria-street-c-scottish-viewpoint.jpg
http://3randolph.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/RandolphCrescent3_Exterior-2.jpg
http://m.999photos.com/uk/edinburgh/princes_street_gardens_3.gif

New Lanark
§Small 18 century village
§Early 19 century – philanthropist & Utopian idealist Robert Owen bought the site →
§Turned it into model industrial community
§Cotton mill buildings, spacious workers’ housing, public facilities, educational institute &
school
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/NewlanarkNL05.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Robert_Owen%27s_House%2C_New_Lanark.jpg
http://newlanarkhotel.co.uk/upload/images/Aerial%20Hotel.jpg
https://owenrobert.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/1517386039_84f86632c7_z1.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/New_Lanark_waterwheel_01.jpg

giant’s causeway and causeway coast
(northern Ireland)
§40,000 massive black basalt columns projecting out of the sea (volcanic activity 50-60 million
years BP)
§Tops of columns form stepping stones leading from the cliff foot & disappear under the sea
§Most hexagonal (some with four, five, seven or eight sides; tallest about 12 metres, 28 metres
thick in places)
https://img1.etsystatic.com/013/0/5491011/il_570xN.420702825_9bk4.jpg
http://affairstoday.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/northern-ireland-giants-causeway-1920x1080.jpg
http://ccralive.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/giants_causeway_01-1024x682.jpg
http://www.europe-autos.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Giants-causeway-NI.jpg

Frontiers of the roman empire
§2 century AD to defend Roman Empire from the ‘barbarians’
§Limes Romanus – 5,000 km (from the Atlantic across Europe to Black Sea, Red Sea & across North
Africa)
§Remnants of walls, ditches, forts, fortresses, watchtowers & civilian settlements
§118 km long Hadrian’s Wall (Hadrian, 122 AD), 60 km long Antonine’s Wall (Antonius Pius, 142 AD)
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hadrians_Wall_map.svg/800px-Hadrians_Wall
_map.svg.png
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall_2.jpg/8
00px-Milecastle_39_on_Hadrian%27s_Wall_2.jpg
http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/Images/hadrianswallL_tcm4-553745.jpg
https://pbt1920.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/chesters-fort-on-hadrians-wall-2.jpg
http://www.peterloud.co.uk/photos/OthersUK/Hadrians_Wall/756_Wall_Walltown-1_w750.jpg

Durham castle and cathedral (England)
§Castle – stronghold & residence of Prince-Bishops of Durham, 11 century (William the Conqueror)
§Protected northern boundaries of England
§Cathedral – within the Castle, 11/12 centuries to house the relics of Saint Cuthbert (evangeliser
of Northumbria, 634-687 AD) & Venerable Bede (672/3-735 AD)
§Largest & finest example of Norman architecture in England
http://scholadavidica.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/durham_cahedral.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Durham_Cathedral._Interior.jpg
http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/cathedral-from-ChChG.jpg Durham
Castle - view from within the Castle courtyard
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Durham_Millburngate_Bridge.jpg/1024px-Dur
ham_Millburngate_Bridge.jpg

Studley royal park incl ruins of fountains abbey
§Was one of largest & richest Cistercian abbeys in Britain (12 century)
§Landscape created around the ruins of the Abbey (18 & 19 centuries)
§Gardens, canals, ponds, cascades, lawns, hedges…
The Park, one feature of the World Heritage Site
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/StudleyAbbey1.JPG/1280px-StudleyAbbey1.JP
G
http://thechromologist.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Fountains-Abbey-Source-aboutbritain.com_.jpg
http://www.culturesouthwest.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/10828879916_e6af46b38b_c1.jpg
https://nttreasurehunt.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/ntpl_169720.jpg Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, UK -
Diliff.jpg

saltaire
§Exceptionally complete & well-preserved industrial village (2 half of 19 century)
§Founded by mill-owner Titus Salt as model village for his workers
§Textile mills, public buildings & workers’ housing, urban plan survives intact
Saltaire mills from the Leeds and Liverpool Canal
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saltaire_Building.JPG/800px-Saltaire_Buil
ding.JPG
Church
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Saltaire_Salts_Mill.jpg/1280px-Saltaire_S
alts_Mill.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Salts_Mill_2.jpg/1280px-Salts_Mill_2.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Cottages_at_Saltaire_-_geograph.org.uk_-_163620
5.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Saltaire_Wohnviertel.jpg

Derwent valley mills
§Series of 18 & 19 century cotton mills, industrial landscape (high historical & technological
significance)
§1721 – construction of Silk Mill in Derby, 1770s – two water-powered spinning mills at Cromford→
§Modern factory system established & developed
§Industrial establishments in rural landscape → required housing & facilities for mill workers
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Derby_cotton_mill_2006.jpg/800px-Derby_co
tton_mill_2006.jpg Arkwright Masson Mills.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Masson_Mills_WTM_5895.JPG/800px-Masson_Mi
lls_WTM_5895.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Masson_Mills_WTM_12b_Power_Loom_5980.JPG/
1280px-Masson_Mills_WTM_12b_Power_Loom_5980.JPG
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Leawood.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Chpr_workshop.jpg

Ironbridge gorge
§Ironbridge – symbol of Industrial Revolution, remains of mines, pit mounds, foundries, factories,
workshops, warehouses, iron workers’ housing, infrastructure
§Iron Bridge – erected 1779, spans deep valley, first bridge in the world built from iron
http://www.coachbookings.com/uploads/1238072002.jpg
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01974/PF-Ironbridge-Gorg_1974295i.jpg
http://www.photographers-resource.co.uk/images/A_heritage/industry/Ironbridge/Coalport/H3110907002_
009.JPG
http://www.photographers-resource.co.uk/images/A_heritage/industry/Ironbridge/Coalport/H3110907002_
055.JPG http://artintheheartpoetry.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/bhvtfoundry.jpg
https://a1.muscache.com/im/pictures/51994925/c70d9a5e_original.jpg?aki_policy=x_large

Blenheim palace
§Palace presented by English nation to John Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough (for his
victory over French & Bavarian troops in 1704)
§Built between 1705-1722, within large landscape park
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Blenheim_Palace_Grand_Bridge.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Blenheim_Palace_6-2008_3.jpg/1280px-Blenh
eim_Palace_6-2008_3.jpg
http://www.folkestonedfas.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Blenheim-Palace-exterior.jpg
http://www.sisley.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Blenheim-Palace-East-Front-and-Italian-Garden.jp
g

City of bath
§Romans – 1 century AD, used natural hot springs as thermal spa (Aquae Sulis)
§18 century – developed into spa city, Neo-classical Palladian buildings (crescents , terraces &
squares)
§Preserved Roman structures – Temple of Sulis Minerva & baths complex
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-T_tMxHc9ipQ/Uv8IAOJg6fI/AAAAAAAAA4c/-qN69m-A2u8/s1600/Bath+hippocampus+mo
saic.jpg
http://holeinthedonut.smugmug.com/DailyPhotos/HITD-Daily-Photos/i-4PQMH2C/0/L/England-Bath-Sacred-S
pring-at-Roman-Baths-L.jpg http://teakdoor.com/Gallery/albums/userpics/10495/Bath-13.jpg
http://teakdoor.com/Gallery/albums/userpics/10495/Bath-15.jpg
http://www.enjoyourholiday.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Holiday-in-the-City-of-Bath.-England-2.jp
g http://www.cotswolds.info/images/Bath/famous-people/royal_crescent_and_circus.jpg
http://www.amazingplacesonearth.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/BATH.jpg

Stonehenge, avebury and associated sites
§Avebury – largest Neolithic stone circle in the world (3700 – 1600 BC)
§Stonehenge – most sophisticated (2 different kinds of stones – Bluestones & Sarsens, 40 tons, 240
km)
§Purpose? astronomic, ceremonial, mortuary?
http://moon-books.net/blogs/moonbooks/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Avebury-restored.jpg
http://www.bestvaluetours.co.uk/images/products/at/xl-p-703-avebury.jpg
http://celticmythpodshow.com/Resources/Galleries/Avebury/Orig/Avebury_Entrance_3c8b4.jpg
http://laplacamadre.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/stonehenge-cotswolds_post-152.jpg
https://learningfromdogs.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/stonehenge.jpg

Stonehenge, avebury and associated sites
§Silbury Hill (largest prehistoric mound in Europe)
§Beckhampton Avenue (curving avenue of stones)
§West Kennet Avenue (avenue of two parallel lines of stones)
http://dorwynmanor.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Silbury-Hill-near-Avebury-001.jpg The Kathmandu
Darbar Square
http://static1.squarespace.com/static/53ce3c52e4b0efb67d7048f2/53cf7b58e4b0dc638325235a/53d11686e4b
01c1b0c1fa615/1407327512990/Adam+%26+Eve-02.jpg?format=1000w
Adam & Eve
http://cromwell-intl.com/travel/uk/avebury/pictures/avebury-010-013.jpg
http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/images/westkenav2.jpg

Dorset and east devon coast
§Cliffs stretch for 155 kilometres along the Channel coast
§Provide almost continuous sequence of rock formations spanning the Mesozoic Era
§Called Jurassic Coast (fossils provide continuous record of life on land & in the sea since
185 million years BP)
http://www.iorise.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Lulworth-Cove-along-Jurassic-Coast-England.jp
g http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/64787000/jpg/_64787549_westbaywintercopyrightmarksimons.jpg
http://hqworld.net/gallery/data/media/27/broad_bench__jurassic_coast__dorset__england.jpg
http://www.desktopwallpaperhd.net/wallpapers/6/c/wallpapers-nature-cliffs-seaford-sussex-england-si
sters-britain-window-seven-europe-61484.jpg
http://www.icoast.co.uk/resources/images/layers/pages/Fossil_hunting_1.jpg
http://www.westernmorningnews.co.uk/images/localworld/ugc-images/276272/Article/images/20730172/585
3490.jpg

Cornwall and west devon mining landscape
§Landscapes radically reshaped during 18 & 19 centuries by deep mining (copper & tin)
§Remains of mines, engine houses, foundries, smallholdings, ports, canals, railways & tram roads
§Ancillary industries & new towns & villages
Crowns peh.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Poldark_Mine_-_geograph.org.uk_-_989503.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Gwennap.jpg/1280px-Gwennap.jpg
Pit
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wheal_Unity_mine_in_Cornwall.jpg/1280px-W
heal_Unity_mine_in_Cornwall.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/St_Agnes%2C_Blue_Hills_Tin_Streams_-_geograph.o
rg.uk_-_41217.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Waterwheel_at_Morwellham_Quay.jpg
Wheelpit

Royal botanic gardens, kew
§Designed  by Charles Bridgeman, William Kent, Capability Brown & William Chambers, 1759
§Historic landscape gardens, used to study botany & ecology
§Botanic collections (conserved plants, living plants & documents)
§Arboretum, bonsai, cacti, orchid, magnolia & fern collections, rose, azalea, lilac, grass, bamboo
& rock gardens
The Palm House and Parterre http://in1.ccio.co/tb/DS/x7/2814818486585603uD0g6AT5c.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Pagoda%2C_Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew%2C_Londo
n.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Orchids,_Kew_Gardens,_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_
-_1177810.jpg https://doctorfitz.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/orchids-001.jpg
https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5105/5634217471_00990c0d50.jpg

Tower of london
§White Tower – typical example of Norman military architecture
§William the Conqueror to protect London & emphasise his power, 1066
§Tower of London – built around White Tower (royal buildings, 11-16 centuries)
§Royal palace, prison (Anne Boleyn, Catherine Howard, Mary Stuart, Sir Walter Raleigh)
n
Tower of London viewed from the River Thames.jpg
http://www.eastlondonadvertiser.co.uk/polopoly_fs/1.2810766.1380186727%21/image/3545413739.jpg_gen/
derivatives/landscape_630/3545413739.jpg
http://www.attractiontix.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Beefeaters.jpg
http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/78131000/jpg/_78131253_tower_poppies.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/25/StEdwardsCrown.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg
/1280px-St_John%27s_Chapel%2C_Tower_of_London.jpg

Palace of westminster and westminster abbey
§Westminster Abbey – William the Conqueror (11 century)
§Coronation of all English & British monarchs, most of them married & buried
http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01763/abbey-inside-2_1763770i.jpg File:Westminster
Abbey Interior 03.jpg https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5027/5597183689_e9010326f0_o_d.jpg
http://www.letenkyblog.cz/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Ln1.jpg
http://www.zsnadrazi.cz/rocenka/roc00/anglie44b.jpg

Palace of westminster and westminster abbey
http://www.britain-magazine.com/wp-content/uploads/westminster-palace-05.gif
http://www.nedcitylunch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/ImageVaultHandler_aspx.jpg
§Westminster Palace – home to British Parliament (1840s, on medieval remains)
§Church of Saint Margaret – Gothic (11 century, parish church of the Palace)
Photograph
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Saint.margarets.overall.london.arp.jpg/10
24px-Saint.margarets.overall.london.arp.jpg

Maritime Greenwich
§Symbolises English artistic & scientific effort of 17 & 18 centuries
§Queen’s House – Inigo Jones, first Palladian building in England
§Royal Hospital for Seamen – now Royal Naval College (Christopher Wren, Baroque)
§Old Royal Observatory – base-line for the world time zone system, marks the Prime Meridian
312SFEC LONDON-20070917.JPG
http://www.urbanpixxels.com/wp-content/uploads/Queens-House-Greenwich-5.jpg
http://www.studytours.hu/?scr=image%28m:upload%29,ld,img,4&loc=1&id=uplm390&cs=3017834110
http://infogyor.hu/external/uploaded_images/p19sm1l93c1i061o8j7ph2nq7002.jpg
Royal Observatory
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RNCpano.jpg/1000px-RNCpano.jpg

Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey and St Martin’s Church
§Canterbury – seat of the archbishops of the Church of England for nearly five centuries
§Cathedral – mixture Romanesque & Gothic styles (11 century, Thomas Becket – 1170 → pilgrimage
site)
§Church of Saint Martin – oldest church in England
§Ruins of the Abbey of Saint Augustine (introduction of Christianity to the Anglo-Saxons)
Augustine Abbey.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Staugustinescanterburyrotundaandnave.jpg/
1280px-Staugustinescanterburyrotundaandnave.jpg Canterbury St Martin close.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Canterburycathedralthrone.jpg/800px-Cante
rburycathedralthrone.jpg
http://www.canterbury-cathedral.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/cathedral-from-ChChG.jpg
http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_West/Canterbury_Cathedral/Canterbury
_Internal/Images/StT-Chapel2-Jul07-DC4947sAR.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Canterbury_Cathedral_092_Murder_of_St_Thomas.JP
G

Castles and Town Walls of King Edward
in Gwynedd (Wales)
§Edward I (1272–1307) – series of castles (pacifying local population & establishing English
colonies in Wales)
§Four castles – Beaumaris, Conwy, Caernarfon & Harlech
§Fortified towns at Conwy & Caernarfon – 13/14 century military architecture
http://www.greatorme.org.uk/P7230356A.JPG
http://img14.poco.cn/mypoco/myphoto/20130131/04/173390381201301301351504175429880531_001.jpg
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2014/09/22/1411374590736_wps_2_B17DTR_Caernarfon_Castle_.jpg
http://orig06.deviantart.net/4aff/f/2009/162/a/4/harlech_castle_by_doriannavarre.jpg
Harlech
Beaumaris
Caernarfon
Conwy
http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/06/e0/6f/8f/caernarfon-town-walls.jpg
http://www.castlewales.com/conwy15.jpg

Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal (Wales)
§18 km navigable Aqueduct – to carry the Llangollen Canal over the Valley of the River Dee
§Completed during Industrial Revolution – early 19 century
§Pioneering masterpiece of engineering & monumental metal architecture
§Use of both cast & wrought iron, longest & highest aqueduct in Britain
WalesC0047.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pontcysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg/1280px-Pont
cysyllte_aqueduct_arp.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Under_Pontcysyllte.jpg
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_1303_0001-750-0-20090923145918.jpg
http://www.llangollen.com/visitwales/pontcysyllte.jpg

Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
§19 century – Wales was leading producer of iron & coal in the world
§Blaenavon – landscape created by industrial processes associated with production of iron & coal
§Coal & ore mines, quarries, furnaces, railway system, public buildings & workers’ housing
refer to caption
http://www.visitwales.com/%7E/media/569fab7d36044fb2b61f85a4009ce44c.ashx?as=0&h=350&w=1024
https://www.hlf.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/col-13/public/media/projects/lp-08-00111_views03_
0.jpg?itok=WnM9XB7W http://werelderfgoedfotos.nl/images/galleries/183/3.Blaenavon.www.jpg
http://www.heredajo.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/X100-20150621-168.jpg

Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications (Bermuda)
§St George – oldest English town in the New World (1612)
§Outstanding example of planned urban settlements established in the New World
§Associated fortifications illustrate development of English military engineering (17-20 century)
http://www.bermuda-online.org/fortstcatherine.jpg
https://www.stgeorgesclub.bm/Images/PhotoGalleryzip_files/FORT%20ST%20CATHERINE%20AND%20THE%20BEACH
%20HOUSE.jpg http://www.wondermondo.com/Images/NAmerica/Bermuda/Bermuda/StGeorge.jpg
http://www.elbowbeachcycles.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/town-hall-st-georges.jpg
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/St._Peter%27s_Church_-1.jpg/1280px-St._Pe
ter%27s_Church_-1.jpg

Gough and Inaccessible Islands (south Atlantic)
§Two extraordinary uninhabited oceanic islands, almost untouched (number of endemic species)
§Cliffs – one of largest colonies of sea birds (Rockhopper Penguins, Fur & Elephant Seals; whales,
dolphins)
https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7422/10831781584_d6790955d3_b.jpg
http://andradegp.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/8/4/22840778/5356643_orig.jpg
https://c4.staticflickr.com/4/3658/3508414918_c162d9ef06_b.jpg
http://oceandoctor.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/20110318-IMG_3384-taken-by-David-E-Guggenheim.jpg
http://whc.unesco.org/uploads/thumbs/site_0740_0019-385--19700101010000.jpg
Gough
Inaccesile
http://www.birdwatch.co.uk/userfiles/news/Theusualnumbersofbree.jpg
http://ocean.si.edu/sites/default/files/photos/Gough-and-Inaccessible-Islands.jpg

Henderson Island (Pitcairn island, Pacific)
§Uninhabited raised coral atoll, almost untouched by human presence
§Provides ideal conditions for studying dynamics of evolution & natural selection
§Ten plant & four land birds native to the island, home to large breeding seabird colonies
http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/hendersonlorikeets_tcm9-354127.jpg?width=768&crop=%280,196,2460,1580%
29
http://www.travelstories.gr/community/data/attachment-files/2012/01/88412_b301c06a60c60044ee74759a3
17615bd.jpg Green turtle swimming over coral reefs in Kona.jpg
http://www.diveandtraveltheworld.com/wordpress/wp-content/images/destinations/parcific-ocean/p-h-is
land/banyan-trees.jpg

GORHAMʼS CAVE COMPLEX (GIBRALTAR)
§Limestone cliffs on eastern side of the Rock of Gibraltar – four caves
§Evidence of Neanderthal occupation over a span of more than 100,000 years – hunting birds and
marine animals for food, using feathers for ornamentation, abstract rock engravings

THE ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT
§Mountainous area, deep valleys modelled by glaciers in the Ice Age
§Shaped by agro-pastoral land-use system – fields enclosed by walls

JODRELL BANK OBSERVATORY
§Rural area of northwest England free from radio interference; 1945, still in operation
§One of the world leading radio astronomy observatories
§Several radio telescopes – study of meteors and the moon, discovery of quasars, quantum optics…

THE SLATE LANSCAPE OF NORTHWEST WALES
§Transformation that industrial slate quarrying & mining brought to traditional rural environment
§Large-scale industrial processes reshaped agricultural landscape into industrial centre
(1780-1914)
§Relict quarries & mines, archaeological sites, historical settlements (living & relict), gardens,
country houses, ports, railway & road systems

Thank you for attention