Mostly academics using linguistic skills. Very few people with formal skills or training in translation theory and practice.

Evolving recognition that proper translation requires practitioners who are trained and skilled in the art. Minimum requirements are a degree in modern languages and computer literacy. Universities and colleges offer postgraduate courses in translation theory and practice.

The correctable golf-ball typewriter was the advanced technology of the time. Translations were delivered by mail or by hand. Only large companies had what are termed dedicated systems that could offer basic text processing facilities.

• computer-aided translation (TM systems) and terminology management
• advanced formatting
• extensive editing features
• spell checking
• glossary compilation
• business management
• electronic mail

Work passed to the typesetter, whose skills were expensive and who needed to retype the text completely.

Typesetting can be performed by the translator – this is known as desktop publishing or DTP. As an alternative, the work to be typeset can be transmitted electronically to the photo-setter, who reformats the text without having to retype.

Postal service, couriers, telex, personal delivery or primitive fax machines.

Postal service and electronic mail. Couriers are seldom used today.

Linguistic ability and editorial skills. Ability to type.

Linguistic ability and editorial skills, keyboarding skills, computer literacy. Ability to deliver and receive work electronically. Specialized subject knowledge.