PRŮVODCE STUDIEM
Autor: Gabriela Entlová
1 ENGLISH SHORT VOWELS
Students will understand the cardinal vowels diagram and master the correct pronunciation
and transcription of English short vowels.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 10-15, 31-38
Keywords:
IPA, BBC English, RP, GA, transcription, syllable, phoneme, vowel (open, closed, front,
back, mid, central), cardinal vowels diagram, quadrilateral, trapezoid, phonetics, phonology
Examples:
SHORT VOWELS
/ɪ/ as in ship
/ʊ/ as in book
/e/ as in egg
/æ/ as in cat
/ʌ/ as in cup
/ɒ/ as in hot
SCHWA
mother: /'mʌðə/
America: /ə'merɪkə/
SHORT VOWEL PHONEMES
Transcribe the following words in IPA:
bread, rough, foot, hymn, pull, cough, mat, friend
Review:
1. How many short vowels are there in English?
2. What are the three major activities of phonetics?
3. What are the three main branches of phonetics?
4. Classify the qualitative aspect of vowels according to horizontal/vertical position of the
tongue and according to lip rounding.
5. What do the letters IPA stand for?
6. What does English phonetics deal with?
7. What does English phonology deal with?
8. What do the letters RP and GA stand for?
9. What is transcription?
2 ENGLISH LONG VOWELS
Students will understand and master the difference in quality and quantity of English short
and long vowels, master the difference between pure vowels and diphthongs/triphthongs.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 16-22
Keywords:
Long vowel, length, pure vowel, diphthong, movement/glide, triphthong
Examples:
LONG VOWELS
/i:/ as in sheep
/u:/ as in boot
/ɜ:/ as in learn
/ɔ:/ as in door
/ɑ:/ as in car
DIPHTHONGS
/ɪə/ as in beer
/eɪ/ as in same
/ʊə/ as in tour
/ɔɪ/ as in coin
/əʊ/ as in nose
/eə/ as in hair
/aɪ/ as in fly
/aʊ/ as in house
TRIPHTHONGS
/aɪə/ as in liar
/eɪə/ as in player
/ɔɪə/ as in royal
/əʊə/ as in lower
/aʊə/ as in power
Review:
1. How many long vowels are there in English?
2. What symbol do we use to indicate the length of the English long vowels?
3. What is the main difference between a pure vowel and a diphthong/triphthong?
4. What does the length of all English vowel sounds vary to?
5. Give examples of the combinations of vowels in the same syllable with the following term:
closing diphthongs.
6. Give examples of the combinations of vowels in the same syllable with the following term:
centring diphthongs.
7. Give examples of the combinations of vowels in the same syllable with the following term:
triphthongs.
3 PLOSIVES
Students will understand the difference between voiced/voiceless and fortis/lenis
pronunciation and master the correct pronunciation of English plosives.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 26-30
Keywords:
phoneme, voiced/voiceless consonant, plosive, aspiration, fortis/lenis, bilabial/alveolar/velar
articulation, clipping
Examples:
FORTIS "voiceless"
/p/ as in pea
/t/ as in tea
/k/ as in coffee
LENIS "voiced"
/b/ as in ball
/d/ as in dog
/ɡ/ as in good
GLOTTAL
/h/ as in he
Review:
1. Describe the following English plosive phonemes with their place of articulation: t and d
2. Describe the following English plosive phonemes with their place of articulation: p and b
3. Describe the following English plosive phonemes with their place of articulation: k and ɡ
4. Classify the following English consonants in terms of tensing: p, t, k
5. Classify the following English consonants in terms of tensing: b, d, ɡ
6. What is aspiration?
7. What do we call the situation when the vocal folds are tightly closed (firmly pressed
together) in speech so that air cannot pass between them? You can also practise this
phenomenon by coughing gently.
8. What is clipping (pre-fortis clipping)?
9. What do we call a type of plosive articulation with completely closed glottis? (P. Roach pp
44-5)
4 FRICATIVES, AFFRICATES
Students will master the correct pronunciation and transcription of English fricatives and
affricates.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 39-45 (fricatives and affricates)
pp 31-38 (phonemes and symbols)
Keywords:
segments, phoneme, phonemic system, allophone, phonemic transcription, phonetics,
phonology, IPA, fricatives, affricates, continuant consonants, complex consonants,
homorganic, labiodental/dental/alveolar/post-alveolar place of articulation, fortis/lenis, glottal,
breathy voice, glottalisation
Examples:
FRICATIVES
/f/ as in fat
/v/ as in van
/θ/ as in thin
/ð/ as in that
/s/ as in see
/z/ as in zoo
/ʃ/ as in she
/ʒ/ as in vision
/h/ as in he
AFFRICATES
/ʧ/ as in cheap
/ʤ/ as in joke
Review:
1. When we speak, we produce a continuous stream of sounds which we divide into small
pieces. What do we call these pieces of stream in speech?
2. What do we call an abstract set of units as the basis of our writing?
3. What do we call an abstract set of units as the basis of our speech?
4. How many phonemes does the phonemic system for the BBC accent contain?
5. What do the letters IPA stand for?
6. What kind of brackets are phonemic symbols usually enclosed within?
7. What kind of brackets are cardinal vowels and phonetic symbols usually enclosed within?
8. What does phonetics describe?
9. What does phonology study?
10. What is characteristic of fricatives?
11. What does it mean when we say a continuant consonant?
12. Why do we call affricates complex consonants?
13. How many characters do phonemic symbols /ʧ/ and /ʤ/ consist of?
14. How many affricates are there in English?
15. What condition must be fulfilled so the sequence of plosive /t/ plus fricative /ʃ/ (or /d/ plus
/ʒ/ respectively) is classified as affricate?
16. Describe the following English fricative and affricate phonemes with their place of
articulation:
f v, θ ð, s z, ʃ ʒ, ʧ ʤ
17. Classify the following English fricatives and affricates in terms of tensing: f, θ, s, ʃ, ʧ, v,
ð, z, ʒ, ʤ
18. What effect do the fortis fricatives and affricates have on a preceding vowel?
19. Name the labiodental, dental, alveolar and post-alveolar fricatives.
20. What is the place of articulation of /h/?
21. Where does the narrowing that produces the friction noise of /h/ happen?
22. What quality does the fricative /h/ always have in speech?
23. What do we call a weak, slightly fricative sound of /h/ when it occurs between voiced
sounds (e.g. ahead /əˈhed/, greenhouse /ˈɡriːnhaʊs/)?
24. What do we call a type of plosive articulation with completely closed glottis?
5 NASALS, LIQUIDS, APPROXIMANTS
The students will master the correct pronunciation and transcription of English liquids and
nasals.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 46-55
Keywords:
Liquid, nasal, velar nasal, clear and dark l, morpheme, approximant, retroflex, rhotic/nonrhotic
accents, semivowel
Examples:
NASAL CONSONANTS
/m/ as in mouth
/n/ as in no
/ŋ/ as in thing
LATERAL APPROXIMANT
/l/ as in love
POST-ALVEOLAR APPROXIMANT
/r/ as in right
APPROXIMANTS/SEMIVOWELS
/w/ as in why
/j/ as in you
Review:
1. Describe the following English nasal phonemes with their place of articulation: m n ŋ
2. Describe the following English approximant phonemes with their place of articulation: r j w
3. What do we call phoneme variants n and ŋ in Czech and l and ɫ in English?
4. What is phonation?
5. What do we call a consonant that you can continue making without interruption as long as
you have enough air in your lungs?
6. What position does the velar nasal ŋ never occur in?
7. What happens, if g occurs after ŋ and before a morpheme boundary, e.g. in singer or
hanger?
8. What do we treat comparative and superlative forms of adjectives considering the
morpheme-based rule?
9. What do we call the realisations of l in lea /liː/? Does it ever occur before consonants or
before a pause?
10. What do we call the realisations of ɫ that is never found before vowels, e.g. eel /iːl/ or
when it precedes a consonant, e.g. eels /iːlz/?
11. Describe the place of articulation of the approximant r?
12. Does the tip of the tongue make any contact with any part of the roof of the mouth, i.e.
alveolar area during the articulation of the consonant phoneme r?
13. In what way is the Czech phoneme r different to the English approximant r?
14. What do we call accents that have r in final position (before a pause) and before a
consonant, e.g. American, Scots and West of England accents?
15. What do we call accents in which r only occurs before vowels, e.g. BBC?
16. What are the approximants j and w like from the point of view of phonetics on the one
side and phonology on the other?
17. When can a friction noise in j or w be heard (the example words are pure, tune, twin,
quit)?
6 CONSONANT CLUSTERS
The students will master the correct pronunciation and transcription of clusters with two, three
or more consonants.
a) Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
b) Mark Hancock: English Pronunciation in Use Intermediate, Self-study and
classroom use, Second Edition, CUP 2003
ad a) pp 56-63
ad b) pp 50-59
Keywords:
consonant cluster, minimum syllable, syllabic consonant, onset, coda, rhyme
Examples:
Minimum syllable
are /ɑː/
or /ɔː/
err /ɜː/
Onset
bar /bɑː/
key /kiː/
more /mɔː/
Coda
am /æm/
ought /ˈɔːt/
ease //iːz/
Onset and coda
ran /ræn/
sat /sæt/
fill /fɪl/
Maximum phonological structure
ONSET (pre-final - initial - post-final)
VOWEL (the centre of a syllable)
CODA (pre-final - final - post-final 1 - post-final 2 - post-final 3)
Extra detailed examples:
s plus initial p, t, k followed by post-initial l, r, w, j
splay, spray, spew, string, sclerosis, screen, squeak, skewer
Three-consonant cluster: pre-final plus final plus post final
helped, banks, bonds, twelfth
Three-consonant cluster: final plus post-final 1 plus post-final 2
fifths, next, lapsed
Four-consonant clusters: final preceded by a pre-final and followed by post-final 1 and
post-final 2
twelfths, prompts
Four-consonant clusters: final consonant plus post-final 1 plus post-final 2 plus postfinal
3
sixths, texts
Review:
1. What do we call a minimum syllable?
2. What do we call an onset?
3. What do we call a coda?
4. What do we call two or more consonants together?
5. Name the five consonants that can only appear in the two-consonant final cluster, e.g. bump
/bʌmp/.
6. Name the five consonants that can only appear in the two-consonant post-final cluster, e.g.
bets /bets/.
7. What is the maximum phonological structure of the English syllable?
8. What makes the centre of the syllable?
7 WEAK SYLLABLES
The students will master the correct pronunciation and transcription of weak and unstressed
syllables.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 64-72
Keywords:
Schwa, stressed/unstressed syllable, stress shift, syllabic consonants, elision, linking.
Examples:
Neutralisation of strong syllables (weak syllables of BBC pronunciation)
[i]
happy, valley, happier, easiest, hurrying
react, create, deodorant
appreciate, hilarious
he, she, we, me, be, the when it precedes a vowel
[u]
you, to, into, do when they are unstressed and are not immediately preceding a consonant
through, who in all positions when they are unstressed
evacuation, influenza
Consonants that form a syllable on its own: m, n, ŋ and l
even /ˈiːvn̩ /, button /ˈbʌtn̩ /
broken key /brəʊkŋ̩ kiː/ /brəʊkən kiː/
awful /ˈɔːfɫ̩/, bottle /bɒtɫ̩/
rhythm /ˈrɪðm̩ /
Underlying sequences of schwa and a syllabic consonant
even /ˈiːvən/, button /ˈbʌtn/
awful /ˈɔːfəl/, bottle /bɒtl/
rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/
Syllabic r
in rhotic accents
particular /pɾ̩ ˈtɪkjəlɾ̩ / or /pərˈtɪkjələr/, BBC /pəˈtɪkjələ/
preference /prefɾ̩ əns/, BBC /prefərəns/
Minimal pairs with the difference in meaning
hungry /ˈhʌŋɡri/ vs Hungary /ˈhʌŋɡəɾ̩ i/
Review:
1. What does the vowel in a weak syllable tend to be, e.g. the second syllable in the word data
/ˈdeɪtə/?
2. What do we call a consonant l̩ (e.g. in a word bottle /ˈbɒtl̩/)?
3. Can any strong syllable have as its peak with coda one of the weak vowel phonemes (ə i
u)?
4. Which English vowel is always associated with weak syllables?
5. What is the quality of schwa? What symbol do we use for schwa?
6. Which vowel do we call close front vowel? Explain the general region of this weak close
front vowel. What do we symbolise this weak vowel as? What position in words is this vowel
found?
7. Which vowel do we call close back vowel? Explain the general region of this weak close
back vowel. What do we symbolise this weak vowel as? What position in words is this vowel
found?
8. Name the five syllabic consonants in English.
8 WORD STRESS
The students will master the correct stress placement and distinction between stressed and
unstressed syllables.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 73-88
Keywords:
Prominent syllable, high pitch, primary/secondary stress, stress shift, complex word stress
Examples:
PRIMARY STRESS
photograph /ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/
SECONDARY STRESS
photographic /ˌfəʊtəˈɡræfɪk/
STRESS CARRYING SUFFIXES
-ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette, -esque, -ique
STRESS MOVING SUFFIXES
-eous, -graphy, -ial, -ic, -ion, -ious, -ity, -ive
STRESS IN COMPOUND WORDS
lexemes composed of more than one root and functioning as single words,
always have only one primary stress,
it is advisable to learn them in usage,
e.g. yellowhammer /ˈjeləʊhæmə(r)/, blackboard /ˈblækbɔːd/,
'primary school teacher, 'English teacher
VARIATION OF STRESS - WORD CLASS
e.g. ˈabstract (n) vs abˈstract (v)
ˈabsent (adj) vs abˈsent (v)
ˈminute (n) vs miˈnute (adj)
STRESS IN CONNECTED SPEECH
thir'teen vs 'thirteen roses, Heath'row vs 'Heathrow 'airport
Review:
1. What is stressed in a word? A single phoneme, or a syllable?
2. What makes a syllable prominent?
3. What does higher pitch mean?
4. Name the two types of stress.
5. What mark represents primary stress?
6. What mark represents secondary stress?
7. Name at least five stress carrying suffixes and use them in example words.
8. Name at least five stress moving suffixes and use them in example words.
9. What is peculiar about the stress in compound words?
10. What can the grammatical function of word stress in English result in?
9 WEAK FORMS
The students will understand and master the pronunciation and transcription of the words
commonly pronounced in their weak form.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 89-98
Keywords:
Strong/weak form, word/sentence stress, elision, linking
EXAMPLES:
FULL LEXICAL WORDS
carry the primary stress
WEAK FORMS
determiners, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs, some adverbs
Review:
1. Why is "all-strong form" pronunciation unnatural for native speakers of English?
2. What words belong to a category called function words?
3. What form do we use for weak-form words when they occur at the end of a sentence when
they are being contrasted with another word when we use them in co-ordinate manner, when
we wish to emphasise and when it is being cited or quoted?
10 CONNECTED SPEECH
The students will understand and master the pronunciation and transcription of segmental and
suprasegmental phenomena of connected speech. Revision of all aspects of English
pronunciation and transcription.
a) Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
b)
https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/pron/features/connected
.shtml
c) https://www.tofluency.com/free-sample-tfpdf/
d) https://elt-resourceful.com/helping-students-with-connected-speech/
ad a) pp 107-118
ad b), c), d) pronunciation tips - connected speech, relaxed pronunciation
KEYWORDS:
Connected speech, linking, intrusive /r/, rhythm, coarticulation, assimilation, regressive
assimilation, yod coalescence, elision, juncture
Examples
CONNECTED SPEECH:
LINKING /r/, /j/, /w/
stirring /stɜ:rɪŋ/, stir it in /stɜ:r ɪt ɪn/, idea of /aɪdɪər əv/, blue eyes /blu:'waɪz/, the apple /ði
'jæpl/
RHYTHM
Walk 'down the 'path to the 'end of the ca'nal.
ASSIMILATION
that pen /ðæp 'pen/, that side /ðæs saɪd/, did you /dɪtʃu:/, grab both /ɡræ'bəʊθ/
ELISION
tomato /tˈmɑːtəʊ/, tonight /tˈn̩ aɪt/, clothes /kləʊz/, lots of them /lɒts ə ðəm/
might rain vs my train
keep sticking vs keeps ticking
Review:
1. Which features characterize connected speech?
2. What do we call an intrusive /r/?
3. What does it mean if we say that English is a rhythmical language?
4. What happens if you do not use weak forms properly?
5. What is assimilation? What kinds of regressive assimilation in English do you know?
6. What is yod coalescence?
7. What do we call omission of sounds which facilitates the pronunciation? Give an example.
8. What is juncture? Give examples.
11 INTONATION
The students will bee abele to identify and master the standard English intonation patterns.
a) Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
b) Mark Hancock: English Pronunciation in Use Intermediate, Self-study and
classroom use, Second Edition, CUP 2003.
ad a) pp 119-128
ad b) pp 84-113
Keywords:
Intonation, rise, fall, rise-fall, fall-rise, level
Study guide:
Listen to the following video and repeat the example phrases after Chris:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FP4sNsEshHQ
Improve your British Accent:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdD065F54ko
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKLyCK0zySA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nDdRHWHzwR4
Examples:
INTONATION
falling (fall, glide-down) \ yes
rising (rise, glide-up) / yes
level - yes
falling-rising (fall-rise, dive) ꓦ yes
rising-falling (rise-fall) ꓥ yes
Review:
1. What do we call the distinctive use of patterns of pitch or melody?
2. What types of tone can you name?
3. What is the function of the falling tone? Give an example.
4. What is the function of the rising tone? Give an example.
5. What is the function of the level tone? Give an example.
6. What is the function of the fall-rise tone? Give an example.
7. What is the function of the rise-fall tone? Give an example.
12 TONE UNIT
The students will understand the structure and master the pronunciation of standard English
tone units.
Peter Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (4th edition), CUP 2009.
pp 129-135
Keywords:
Tone unit, tonic syllable, pre-head, head, nucleus, tail
Study guide:
Tone Unit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTE-34Y65mw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7txmpVLUIQM
Examples:
Is it ̸ you?
is it ̸ you
ꓦ John is it ̸ you
tonic syllable: \those
tone unit: 'give me \those
head: 'give me
the head - first five syllables: 'Bill 'called to 'give me \these
the syllables "in an" form a pre-head: in an \hour
•pre-head: in a
•head: 'little 'less than an
•tonic syllable: \hour
the tail: optional - \both of them were ·here
Review:
1. Describe English in terms of intonation and utterances.
2. What do we call larger units in intonation analysis?
3. Name the vocal equivalents of written punctuation.
4. What tone does a tonic syllable (the nucleus of a tone unit) carry?
5. What kind of stress does a tonic syllable carry?
6. In a three-syllable utterance, which one is more prominent, the first, the second, or the third
syllable?
7. How many tonic syllables does each simple tone-unit have?
8. Describe the following long utterance in terms of tonic syllable, tone-unit and a head: 'give
me \those
9. What do the syllaables "in an" in the utterance "in an \hour" form?
10. Describe the following utterance in terms of a pre-head, head and a tonic syllable: in a
'little 'less than an \hour
11. What do we call the optional element that can be any syllables between the tonic syllable
and the end of the tone-unit?
12. What symbol do we use to mark stress in a tail?
13. Describe the features of pronunciation in fluent speech.
14. Describe the features of pronunciation in fast speech.