THE RULES OF „SANACJA”
CAMP. 1926-1930 AND 1930-
1935
Radosław Domke
THE FIRST PERIOD (1926-1930)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE MAY
COUP (1926).
Consequences of the May Coup (1926).
Establishment of the Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with the
Government.
Rules of colonels. Center-left opposition (Centrolew).
Wybory Brzeskie (Polish legislative election).
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NON-PARTY
BLOC FOR COOPERATION WITH THE
GOVERNMENT (BBWR)
a political grouping of supporters of J. Piłsudski's rule, created in
January 1928, bringing together conservatives, groups from PPS, NPR,
peasant parties and national minority parties. The BBWR program was
limited to condemning the parliamentary system existing in Poland
before the May Coup in 1926, demanding a reduction in the influence
of opposition political parties, and announced the strengthening of
executive power and the independence of the president from the
legislative chambers.
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE NON-PARTY
BLOC FOR COOPERATION WITH THE
GOVERNMENT (BBWR)
In the 1928 Sejm elections, the BBWR, together with smaller progovernment
lists, received 133 parliamentary seats (30.0%), to the
senate 49 seats (44.1%). In 1930, after the early dissolution of
parliament and in open conflict with the opposition (Centrolew,
Brest), BBWR obtained 249 seats (56.1%), to the senate 77 seats
(69.4%) and created the strongest political grouping in the Sejm.
CENTER-LEFT OPPOSITION
(CENTROLEW).
the common name of the alliance of parliamentary political clubs of 6
parties of the center and the parliamentary left (ChD, NPR, PSL "Piast",
PPS, PSL "Wyzwolenie", Stronnictwo Chłopskie) concluded on
September 14, 1929 in order to consolidate the anti-government
opposition under the banner of parliamentary democracy in Poland.
ChD, NPR, PSL "Piast", PPS, PSL "Wyzwolenie", Stronnictwo Chłopskie,
concluded on September 14, 1929 in order to consolidate the antigovernment
opposition under the banner of parliamentary democracy
in Poland.
CENTER-LEFT OPPOSITION
(CENTROLEW).
On June 29, 1930, the Centrolew parties organized the Congress for
the Defense of People's Rights and Freedoms in Krakow under the
slogans of "removing J. Piłsudski's dictatorship" and establishing a
constitutional government based on public trust. Centrolew was
looking for public support. For September 14, he prepared mass
rallies and demonstrations in 21 cities (there were clashes with the
police, people were killed and injured).
CENTER-LEFT OPPOSITION
(CENTROLEW).
On August, the president dissolved the parliament, and on the night
of September, the arrests of Centrolew's main activists began. W.
Kiernik, W. Korfanty, K. Popiel, A. Pragier, W. Witos, were imprisoned
in Brześć nad Bugiem (Brest trial). In the elections on November 16,
the Centrolew parties presented a list called the Union for the
Defense of People's Law and Freedom. Pressure from the state
administration and the lack of strong public support did not allow for
gaining an advantage in parliament (79 parliamentary and 13
senatorial seats). At the beginning of 1931, as a result of the electoral
defeat and internal political discord, Centrolew disintegrated.
WYBORY BRZESKIE (POLISH
LEGISLATIVE ELECTION IN 1930).
in order to deal with this danger, the Sanation authorities resorted to
radical measures. In 1930, Centrolew's leaders were unexpectedly
arrested and accused of acting to the detriment of the state. Show
trials took place in Brest. Shortly thereafter, parliament was dissolved
and new elections were called. Of course, they took place in the
shadow of Brest and their trials, and the authorities did everything to
further destroy the opposition and win the elections.
The second period (1930-1935)
BEREZA KARTUSKA (1934)
The camp in Bereza Kartuska, founded in 1934, had the official name
of the retreat place. It was established shortly after the successful
assassination of the then Minister of Internal Affairs Bolesław Pieracki.
Polish nationalists were suspected of the minister's murder and they
were the first to be sent to Bereza. Soon, communists from the
Communist Party of Poland (KPP) working for the Soviet Union,
oppositionists from the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and the People's
Party (SL), and the real perpetrators of Pieracki's murder - Ukrainian
nationalists from the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) began
to arrive there.
BEREZA KARTUSKA (1934)
In addition to political prisoners, Bereza received economic
speculators (hated "snatchers" who inflated the prices of hard-to-find
products), counterfeiters and other criminals - especially recidivists.
However, criminal offenders, as they were more familiar with this type
of places, quickly became official prisoners and informers of the
prison service. The establishment of the camp in Bereza Kartuska was
a kind of ordering of the dictatorship's repressive actions.
LAST YEARS OF MARSHAL
PIŁSUDSKI
LONELYNESS
Mental deseace
Loneliness
Project of the chosens electors (merit list)
MENTAL DISEASE
Cancer, sclerosis, paranoia
Piłsudski was becoming unpredictable. Those around him had to
endure outbursts of uncontrolled rage, the causes of which were
completely incomprehensible. Lepecki's memories and Hrynkiewicz's
diary reveal a terrifying picture of the slow disintegration of
personality. It was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the
ruling camp. The fact that Piłsudski was aging rapidly could not be
hidden, of course. The physical changes were simply visible. However,
the public could not find out about the changes taking place in the
psyche.
MENTAL DISEASE
These periods of mental indisposition were interspersed with periods
of complete mental clarity. Perhaps this was the most tragic thing for
those around him - helplessly watching the fight he was fighting with
himself and in which he could not win. But it wasn't always just
passive observation. Sometimes it was the immediate surroundings
that became threatened.
LONELINESS
It is characteristic that the more he rose above his colleagues, the
more lonely he was. Already in his Belweder times, after 1918, he
mainly played solitaire - it is, after all, a single-player card game.
This is a contribution to the evolution of his personality.
PRO-GERMAN POLICY?
Treaty with USSR – 1932
Treaty with USSR – 1934
THE APRIL CONSTITUTION OF POLAND (POLISH:
USTAWA KONSTYTUCYJNA 23 IV 1935 OR
KONSTYTUCJA KWIETNIOWA)
brought an amendment to the March constitution. Its basic idea was
to strengthen the executive power - the president and the
government, at the expense of the Sejm and Senate. This was done by
granting the president special legislative powers.
PRESIDENT
Responsible to "God and history", elected for a 7-year term, elected
by the Assembly of Electors. He appointed 1/3 of the Senate and
could dissolve the Sejm and the Senate. He had a set of prerogatives
where he did not need the government's countersignature. The
decrees had the status of a law. He could have stopped bills.
PRIME MINISTER
The increased role of the Prime Minister, he set the general principles
of the state's policy. Appointed and dismissed by the president.
PARLIAMENT
Sejm wybierany w wyborach powszechnych, Senat w 1/3 z nadania
prezydenta, reszta w wyborach. Podporządkowany prezydentowi,
który mógł go dowolnie zawieszać i zwoływać, jak i blokować ustawy.
5-letnia kadencja. Bardzo ograniczony immunitet poselski.
DEATH OF JÓZEF PILSUDSKI AND
FUNERAL
LEGACY OF PIŁSUDSKI IN THE
CAMP
Marshal wanted an authocratic country but he did not give precise
clues for it
EDWARD RYDZ-ŚMIGŁY
EDWARD RYDZ-ŚMIGŁY
During the May Coup in 1926, he supported Marshal Piłsudski by
sending him some of the Vilnius garrison units to Warsaw. In October
1926, he was appointed Army Inspector in Warsaw.
After Piłsudski's death on May 12, 1935, based on the decree of
President Ignacy Mościcki, he took over the position of Inspector
General of the Armed Forces, which gave him enormous powers.
JÓZEF BECK
JÓZEF BECK
From November 1932 to the end of September 1939, he served as the
head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, replacing August Zaleski. In
the years 1935-1939 he also sat in the Senate.
As a minister, he remained faithful to Marshal Piłsudski's belief that
Poland should maintain balance in relations with Moscow and Berlin.
Like him, he was an opponent of the Republic of Poland's
participation in collective agreements, which, in his opinion, limited
the freedom of Polish politics.
While leading diplomacy, he signed, among others: in 1934, the
Polish-German declaration of non-violence.
WALERY SŁAWEK
WALERY SŁAWEK
After the May coup, he returned to active military service, serving from
1927 as an officer for special orders of the Inspector General of the
Armed Forces, Marshal Piłsudski. At the end of March 1928, he retired
again. Then he became a member of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister
in the government of Kazimierz Bartel. He was the author of the
concept of establishing the Non-partisan Bloc for Cooperation with
the Government and its president in the years 1928-1935. From 1928
to 1938 he was a member of the Sejm. During this period, he served
as prime minister three times: from March 29 to August 23, 1930,
from December 4, 1930 to May 26, 1931 and from March 28 to
October 12, 1935. He was one of the main creators of the April
Constitution of 1935.
EUGENIUSZ KWIATKOWSKI
EUGENIUSZ KWIATKOWSKI
He began his political career after the May coup in 1926, when Prime
Minister Kazimierz Bartel appointed him as Minister of Industry and Trade.
While performing this function, he contributed to the creation and
implementation of the idea of ​​building a port in Gdynia and a nitrogen
compounds factory in Mościce near Tarnów.
He also supported the development of maritime trade and the creation of the
High Seas Fishing Fleet.
In 1928, he became an MP from the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with
the Government.
In the years 1931-1935, he became the director of the State Nitrogen
Compound Factories in Chorzów and Mościce, from which he resigned in
1935, accepting the portfolio of deputy prime minister and minister of
treasury in the offices of Marian Zyndram-Kościałkowski and Felicjan Sławoj
Składkowski.
FELICJAN SŁAWOJ-SKŁADKOWSKI
FELICJAN SŁAWOJ-SKŁADKOWSKI
W latach 1926-29 oraz 1930-31 Składkowski był ministrem spraw
wewnętrznych. W 1936 r. otrzymał awans na generała dywizji. W tym
samym roku objął funkcję premiera i ministra spraw wewnętrznych.
„SŁAWOJKA”
Thank you