Prezentace předmětu:
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Vyučující:
Ing. Radim Dolák, Ph.D.
Název
prezentace
Název projektu
Rozvoj vzdělávání na Slezské univerzitě v Opavě
Registrační číslo projektu
CZ.02.2.69/0.0./0.0/16_015/0002400
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INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
2. DATA, INFORMATION, AND KNOWLEDGE
Ing. Radim Dolák, Ph.D.

•Data, information, and knowledge affect the lives of all of us, whether it's day-to-day activities
or work activities. This is because we live in the information society, where information has
become one of the key sources of each organization.
•This chapter deals primarily with the relationship of data, information, and knowledge.
Information literacy, asymmetry of information, complete and perfect information will also be
mentioned.
•
Introduction

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üDefine and learn to recognize the differences between data, information, and knowledge
üIndicate what information literacy is
üInform the reader about what information literacy requirements are
üClarify the concept of information asymmetry and occurrence in the real world
üDefine complete and perfect information
Goals of the chapter

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•What is the relationship between data, information, and knowledge? Normally, this li-near chain is
commonly referred to in the literature:
•data -> information -> knowledge.
•Information is thus generated from the data, and it is then possible to obtain and derive
knowledge from the information.
•Further, all the above terms will be defined in more detail in the presentation.
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Data vs Information vs Knowledge

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•Data, in general, represent the reflection of certain phenomena, processes or properties within a
real-world part. It is, therefore, the expression of certain facts and thoughts in the prescribed
form so that they can be transferred and processed.
•According to Vaňek (2013), data objects can be symbolic, manuscripts, forms, production
documentation, computer files, visual (visual), technical drawings and diagrams, artworks,
technical means, acoustic, works, speech records.
•
•Doucek (2010) states that data is a formalized record of human knowledge by means of symbols
(characters). According to Sklenák (2001), data is the basic raw material from which information
can arise. The meaningful information then arises in the process of human interpretation.
Data

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•In the context of information technology, data can be defined as a composite designation for
numbers, text, sound, images and any other perceptions in a format that can be processed by
computer and are an inherent element of an enterprise information system.
•
•Data is obtained by writing, measuring, or observing, and can be divided into continuous and
attributable data. The data is primarily used for the following activities: calculations analyzes
and planning. The data can also be generated automatically as output from different sensors or
other devices recording the measured data.
•
Data

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•One of the basic breakdowns divides the data into the following groups:
qQuantitative - these are the numerical characteristics of the observed phenome-non (eg price,
quantity, temperature, etc.), sometimes the term "hard" is used
qQualitative - these are the non-numerical characteristics of the observed phenomenon (eg, customer
satisfaction with the product or service), sometimes the term "soft" data
•
•Qualitative data is broken down as follows:
§nominal variables
§ordinal variables
Data

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•Nominal data - two values of a nominal variable can be said to be identical or different (eg
manufacturer, model, type ...)
•Ordinary data - as nominal, in addition to two values of the ordinal variable, we can determine
the order (eg customer satisfaction rate, product quality evaluation ...)
•
•Quantitative data is broken down as follows:
§Differential variables
§Ratio variables
•Differential (interval) - as ordinal, in addition, it can be determined how much one value is
greater than the other one.
•Ratio - as a difference, you can also calculate how many times one value is greater than the
second.
Data

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•According to Sklenák (2011), the following can be distinguished from the point of view of the
data:
qStructured data - explicitly capture facts, attributes, objects, etc. The existence of certain
data elements is an important feature. A typical example is data storage using relational database
systems, where elements such as fields, records, sessions, databases are used. In this way, only
those data that are necessary for solving information needs and solutions to decision-making
problems can be selected.
qUnstructured data - expressed as "by-pass flow" without any further resolution, for example video,
sound recordings or pictures. Also included are text documents.
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Data

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•According to Sklenák (2011), the data is actually a "raw material" from which information can be
generated. For example, data "4564135" or "Porthos" certainly represent some-thing real from the
outside world, but without any further description or context makes no sense.
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Data

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•Information is the result of data processing. Without data, no information could be generated.
•In conjunction with the data, the word "information" can be defined as data that is used to create
a meaningful and useful context and can be used in the decision-making process.
•The information thus becomes processed data, which the user attributes to a particular meaning,
which satisfies the specific information needs of the given recipient.
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Information

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•The basic conditions for the usability of the information are the following assumptions:
qcommunicability of information - the possibility of disseminating knowledge through transmission
channels,
qclarity - encoding knowledge into the language known to the recipient,
qnovelty,
qreducing uncertainty in the decision-making process,
qusability for knowledge and decision making by explaining the meaning.
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Information

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•The main features (attributes) of information include:
qthe inseparability of information from the physical carrier,
qaging - it ages not over time, but with newer, more relevant,
qcumulative - creating new information will not destroy old,
qutility value,
qaccuracy, truthfulness - number of errors or data storage errors,
qaccessibility - the ease and speed of obtaining,
qflexibility - usability for more than one user;
qrelevance, which is characterized by its fullness, completeness,
qclarity - degree of ambiguity and ambiguity,
qverifiability
qdescriptive (identifying) attributes.
Information

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•Some properties of the information are quantifiable according to Vaněk (2013) (accuracy,
truthfulness, accessibility, speed, flexibility, dispersion).
•Some attributes can not be quantified (relevance, clarity, verifiability).
qrelevant - relate to the problem,
qvalid - they express what they have (do not show any system errors);
qreliable - getting them by the same methods always results (they do not show any random errors),
qfast enough and cost-effective - the most important information is current.
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Information

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•Within the theory of information, we often encounter the following terms: syntax, semantics, and
pragmatics. According to Doucek (2010), these terms can be defined as follows:
qThe syntax is given by the rules for creating formal structures, and in the broader sense, it
includes not only the traditional "grammar" (sentence composition) but also the shared form of
writing and encoding of symbols.
qSemantics relates to the relationship of symbols and designated reality, thus all-owing symbols or
their structures to attribute content. At this level, we talk about messages or messages that
contain information.
qPragmatics refers to the relationship between the symbols and the recipient and, in a particular
situation, guides his / her actions. It is only at this level that information gains importance and
influences human thinking and action.
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Information

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•Knowledge is, according to Doucek (2010), an individual character. It is primarily bound to the
individual and its nervous system. There is nothing to do with the fact that its shaping,
transmission, and codification are influenced by the social (culturally).
•Knowledge is an organized pattern of human knowledge that results from self-organization of the
nervous system.
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•The concept of knowledge can be characterized as a certain ability or information on how to use
data and information in different situations.
•Its formally expressed form uses language, or symbols, which then form partial knowledge. It is
stored as data that is then individually interpreted by individuals as information.
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Knowledge

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•Knowledge can also be defined as interconnected structures of related knowledge and their
representation in the form of a cognitive model, together with the ability to perform various
cognitive operations with them.
•Thanks to these operations, we can partly predict what can happen in the real world. (Sklenák,
2001)
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Knowledge

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•There are different concepts of knowledge and sharing.
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Knowledge
Table 1: Different concepts of knowledge and their sharing

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•According to Ivánek, Kempný, and Laš (2007), the knowledge engineering is applied in the field of
artificial intelligence, which deals with the acquisition, processing, representation and automated
use of knowledge.
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•Knowledge engineering can also be defined in the context of information engineering, a discipline
dealing with the processing of information in a usable form.
•Knowledge engineering is then divided as part of information engineering, focusing on information
on how to reach new information, ie information on the judgment in specific situations. The
practical result of knowledge engineering is expert systems, which are programs that pro-vide
knowledge-based conclusions.
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Knowledge

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•Information literacy together with financial literacy is one of the basic prerequisites for
orienting itself in today's dynamic world.
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•Information literacy is, according to Vaněk (2013), able to process and use information in
different formats, from different sources and the ability to understand them. The information is
presented in the present environment mainly in electronic form, through information and
communication technologies.
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•Information literacy involves several steps, namely the ability to identify the problem,
understand and formulate questions whose answers can lead to a solution.
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Information literacy

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•According to Vaněk (2013), information literacy requires meeting the following requirements:
qidentify problems, define them and identify issues that require a child response,
qidentify the circles of information that needs to be found for problem-solving,
qfind the required information,
qevaluate, filter, analyze, and synthesize information,
qshare and transfer information,
qpresent information.
Information literacy

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•The big problem today is that data and information are growing faster and in larger volumes.
•This state of affairs generates more often in people so-called informational congestion, which
expresses situations in which an individual can not effectively deal with information because
information is surplus and unable to process it in adequate time.
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•Everything is due to the limited possibilities for people to find, process and understand
information.
Information literacy

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•The notion of information concealment was mentioned in the 1960s when Miller (1960) defined seven
different categories of information congestion.
qdeletion, oversight - inability to process some suggestions,
qerror - some information is not processed correctly,
qsorting into queues, sequencing - processing of some information is postponed, they will be
processed later,
qfiltering - processing only the information that appears to be the highest priori-ty,
qzooming in - lowering discrimination standards by reducing accuracy in input and response
evaluation,
qmultiple channels - split incoming information into parts to divide responses,
qescape - complete ignoring incoming information.
Information literacy

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•There are many causes of information overflow. The most common are, for example, according to
Vaněk (2013) the following causes:
qthe increasing amount of information we sometimes call the information explosion is not just about
data volumes, but also about the number of sources where the data is,
qproblems with sorting information and assessing to what extent the information is useful,
qverification of information as the availability of information sources has increased and not every
source is able to provide true, accurate or verifiable information,
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Information literacy

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qthe accuracy of the results obtained and timeliness can be assessed from the point of view of the
user himself/herself, from the point of view of the capabilities of the information system used,
sources of inaccurate information may be obsolete or inconsistent databases,
qlack of information literacy,
qcommunication.
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Information literacy

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•The concept of asymmetry occurs in several areas. This term is often used by economists (asymmetry
of information), computer science (asymmetric encryption), as well as military strategists
(asymmetric war). The word asymmetry in simple terms then means non-symmetry and is, therefore, the
opposite of symmetry and therefore symmetry.
•
•A large economic encyclopedia (Žák, 2002) defines asymmetric information as "an economic situation
in which economic negotiators (eg sellers and buyers) have different information. Asymmetric
information thus becomes (together with the existence of mono-poly, externalities and public goods)
one of the causes of market failure".
Asymmetry of information

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•A widely concept of asymmetric information such as market failure along with imperfect information
is also the Economic Dictionary (Hindls, Holman and Hron, 2003).
•Vaněk (2013) states that the notion of information asymmetry means that one party to the
transaction is better informed than the other (the counterparty). It follows from this definition
that one party or participant has more information, has different or better information. In
practice, this leads to a growing degree of uncertainty in decision-making.
•This uncertainty results from the fact that decision-makers often do not have complete information
about the situation they are addressing because they do not know the detailed characteristics of
all the other participants in the transaction, they do not have information about the results of
previous transactions, or know all possible alternatives to a possible procedure at a given moment.
Asymmetry of information

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•Information asymmetry is one of the causes of market imbalances. The modern concept of asymmetry
of information emphasizes the fact that our information on the current state of the markets is
imperfect and, in particular, that the various market players differ significantly in the quality
of their information, which has serious consequences for the behavior of these markets. Using
asymmetric information, it is possible to explain the behavior of economic subjects in such
phenomena as negative selection, moral hazard or the preference of existing conditions.
•It is perhaps a little surprising that the asymmetry of information is happening nowadays, despite
the general availability of modern technologies that allow rapid transfer of information. Although
it is possible to trace information, it is not always possible to do so in a very short time and
there is always a risk that the information will not be up to date.
Asymmetry of information

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•There are various causes of information asymmetry. One of the most important is the price of
information because obtaining information requires some cost. The rationally behaving user then
seeks to obtain as much information as possible so that the cost of obtaining them does not exceed
the benefit of the information. Other factors contributing to the asymmetric distribution of
information include, for example, cultural or religious differences in perceptions of information.
• People and institutions have been using asymmetry of information for many centuries in various
fields of human activity where it is necessary to gain an advantage over the other (politics,
trade, war conflicts, gambling, etc.).
Asymmetry of information

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•The information asymmetry is not always advantageous. There are also cases where it is not in the
interest of a better-informed party to maintain too much asymmetry of information (eg improving
market functioning, international cooperation, etc.).
•In these cases, a better-informed party will share a piece of information to reduce or eliminate
asymmetry of information. In addition to free sharing, there is also information disclosure
required in order to reduce the informational asymmetry between market participants (eg, the
reporting of market participants' reporting obligations as the mandatory scope of the business
report).
Asymmetry of information

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•We are talking about complete information according to Vaněk (2013), if all participants have the
same information, including information about all the remaining participants.
•The concept of complete information is often used, for example, in economics or game theory where
complete information is one of the necessary theoretical preconditions for perfect competition.
•We are talking about the perfect or perfect information if it provides the same level of
information for all solutions to the problem. In the real world, most information is imperfect.
Complete and perfect information

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THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION