E-business
Information society and global information infrastructure - I
Petr Suchánek
E-business

Outline of the lecture
•Information society
•Global information society - infrastructure
•Information and global information infrastructure entities
•Data
•Information
•Knowledge

Information society
•An information society is a society where the creation, distribution, use, integration and
manipulation of information is a significant economic, political, and cultural activity.*
•Its main drivers are digital information and communication technologies, which have resulted in an
information explosion and are profoundly changing all aspects of social organization, including the
economy, education, health, etc.*
•The markers of this rapid change may be technological, economic, occupational, spatial, cultural,
or some combination of all of these.*
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_society

Information society
•The growth of technologically mediated information has been quantified in different ways,
including society's technological capacity to store information, to communicate information, and to
compute information.*
•The machine tools of the Information Society are computers and telecommunications, rather than
lathes or ploughs.**
•Progress in information technologies and communication is changing the way we live: how we work
and do business, how we educate our children, study and do research, train ourselves, and how we
are entertained.
•The information society is not only affecting the way people interact but it is also requiring the
traditional organisational structures to be more flexible, more participatory and more
decentralised.**
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_society
**https://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Information-Society

Information society
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_society


Information society
•A  successful development of Information Society is  possible  only at the  condition  that all
its  components are developed uniformly and simultaneously.*
•According to the European Commission’s (EC) programme eEurope2020 and the Digital Agenda for
Europe the general objectives for the development of society are:*
Ødeveloping an economy which based on knowledge and innovation;
Ødelivering sustainable economic and social benefits from a digital single market which is based on
fast and ultra-fast Internet and interoperable applications.
*https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567115008102

Information society*
•Opening up access to content;
•Making online and cross border transactions straightforward;
•Building digital confidence;
•Reinforcing the single market for telecommunications services;
•Enhancing interoperability through coordination;
•Trust and security;
•Guarantee universal broadband coverage with increasing speeds;
•Open and neutral Internet;
•Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion;
•Sustainable healthcare and ICT - based support for dignified and independent living;
•e-Government services.
*https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567115008102

Global information infrastructure
•The Global Information Infrastructure (GII) can be defined as a seamless web of interactive
communications being deployed at world-wide level to provide the infrastructure for new services
and activities based on the strategic use of all types of information.*
•The Internet is considered the de facto global information infrastructure right now. However, for
the GII to evolve as envisioned, either the Internet or its successor must deal with challenging
issues such as security, privacy, hardware and software compatibility, translation, rights to
information, identity management, digital rights management (DRM), competition, and governance.**
•
*https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/
**https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/global-information-infrastructure

Global information infrastructure - national
•
*https://www.slideshare.net/bhagirathisahoo75/seminar-ppt-20849695
•In recent years the subject of National Information Infrastructure (NII) has been receiving
greater attention in both scholarly and trade publications.*
•The issue is expected to have significant implications for the use of electronic communication in
education, business, industry, and government.*
•The NII is expected to provide for “ the integration of software, hardware and skills that will
make it easy and affordable to connect people with each other, with computers, and with a vast
array of services and information resources.*

Information and global information infrastructure
•
*https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/
•Global information infrastructure issues:*
ØMarket and product competition;
ØElectronic commerce and digital payments;
ØInterconnection, open access, interoperability and standards;
ØUniversal service.
•Global information society issues:*
ØContent and growth;
ØCultural and linguistic diversity;
ØControversial content;
ØSecurity, privacy and intellectual property.

Information society
•https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/library-science-and-technology-in-a-changing-world/14504
•https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/informati
on-society
•http://www.artefaktum.hu/it/Webster.htm
•https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/237382063227.pdf?expires=1570278500&id=id&accname=guest&ch
ecksum=10AE79AF78357730F3DAD447BCC7CC6A
•https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/237382063227.pdf?expires=1570302690&id=id&accname=guest&ch
ecksum=138CAACBD517975B0FFD42D567EFBA4A
•
•
•

Data
•
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data
**https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data#/media/File:Data_types_-_en.svg
•Data is a set of values of subjects with respect to qualitative or quantitative variables.*
•Data is:**
Ømeasured;
Øcollected;
Øreported;
Øanalyzed;
Øvisualized.

Data – nominal
•
* https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/nominal-data/
**https://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/types-of-data-nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/
•In statistics, nominal data (also known as nominal scale) is a type of data that is used to label
variables without providing any quantitative value.*
•It is the simplest form of a scale of measure.*
•Unlike ordinal data, nominal data cannot be ordered and cannot be measured.*

Data – nominal*
•
* https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/nominal-data/
•Nominal data can be analyzed using the grouping method.
•The variables can be grouped together into categories, and for each category, the frequency or
percentage can be calculated.
•The data can also be presented visually such as by using a pie chart.
•Although nominal data cannot be treated using mathematical operators, they still can be analyzed
using advanced statistical methods.
•For example, one way to analyze the data is through hypothesis testing.

Data – ordinal
•
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinal_data
**https://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/types-of-data-nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/
•Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered
categories and the distances between the categories is not known.*
•Ordinal scales are typically measures of non-numeric concepts like satisfaction, happiness,
discomfort, etc.**
•“Ordinal” is easy to remember because is sounds like “order” and that’s the key to remember with
“ordinal scales”–it is the order that matters, but that’s all you really get from these.**

Data – ordinal
•
*https://www.questionpro.com/blog/ordinal-scale/
•Ordinal Scale Characteristics:*
ØAlong with identifying and describing the magnitude, the ordinal scale shows the relative rank of
variables;
ØThe properties of the interval are not known;
ØMeasurement of non-numeric attributes such as frequency, satisfaction, happiness etc.;
ØIn addition to the information provided by nominal scale, ordinal scale identifies the rank of
variables;
ØUsing this scale, survey makers can analyze the degree of agreement among respondents with respect
to the identified order of the variables.
•

Data – interval
•
*https://www.mymarketresearchmethods.com/types-of-data-nominal-ordinal-interval-ratio/
•Interval scales are numeric scales in which we know both the order and the exact differences
between the values.*
•The classic example of an interval scale is Celsius temperature because the difference between
each value is the same.*
•For example, the difference between 60 and 50 degrees is a measurable 10 degrees, as is the
difference between 80 and 70 degrees.*
•Interval scales are nice because the realm of statistical analysis on these data sets opens up.*
•For example, central tendency can be measured by mode, median, or mean; standard deviation can
also be calculated.*

Data – interval*
•
*https://www.questionpro.com/blog/interval-data/
•Measurement: Interval data is measured using an interval scale, which not only shows the order and
direction but also shows the exact difference in the value. For example, the markings on a
thermometer or a ruler are equidistant, in simpler words they measure the same distance between the
two markings.
•Interval Difference: The distances between each value on interval data is equal. For example, the
difference between 10 cm and 20 cms is the same as 20 cms and 30 cms.
•Calculation: In interval data, one can add or subtract values but cannot divide or multiply.
Almost all statistical analysis are applicable when calculating interval data, mean, mode, median
etc.
•Point Zero: Absolute zero point is arbitrary, which means a variable can be measured even if it
has a negative value like temperature can be -10 below zero but height cannot be below zero.
•

Data – ratio
•
*https://www.questionpro.com/blog/ratio-data/
•Ratio Data is defined as a quantitative data, having the same properties as interval data, with an
equal and definitive ratio between each data and absolute “zero” being a treated as a point of
origin.*
•In other words, there can be no negative numerical value in ratio data.*
•Ratio data has all properties of interval data such as – data should have numeric values, a
distance between the two points are equal etc.*

Data – ratio
•
*https://www.questionpro.com/blog/ratio-data/

Information
•
* https://searchsqlserver.techtarget.com/definition/information
**https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information
•Information is stimuli that has meaning in some context for its receiver.*
•When information is entered into and stored in a computer, it is generally referred to as data.*
•After processing (such as calculations, formatting, printing etc.), output data can again be
perceived as information.*
•Information can be thought of as the resolution of uncertainty; it is that which answers the
question of "what an entity is" and thus defines both its essence and nature of its
characteristics.**
•

Information
•
*http://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/information-technology/what-do-you-mean-by-data-and-informat
ion
•Information is data that has been converted into a more useful or intelligible form.*
•It is the set of data that has been organized for direct utilization of mankind, as information
helps human beings in their decision making process.*
•Examples are:*
•Time Table;
•Merit List;
•Report card;
•Headed tables;
•printed documents;
•etc.

Knowledge
•
*http://www.infogineering.net/data-information-knowledge.htm
•Knowledge is what we know.*
•Think of this as the map of the World we build inside our brains.*
•Like a physical map, it helps us know where things are – but it contains more than that.*
•It also contains our beliefs and expectations. “If I do this, I will probably get that.”*
•Crucially, the brain links all these things together into a giant network of ideas, memories,
predictions, beliefs, etc.*
•

Data – Information – Knowledge - Wisdom
•
*http://www.systems-thinking.org/dikw/dikw.htm
•According to Russell Ackoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the
content of the human mind can be classified into five categories:*
ØData: symbols;
ØInformation: data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and
"when" questions;
ØKnowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions;
ØUnderstanding: appreciation of "why“;
ØWisdom: evaluated understanding.

Data – Information – Knowledge - Wisdom
•
*
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-data-information-knowledge-wisdom-DIKW-hierarchy-as-a-pyram
id-to-manage-knowledge_fig6_332400827

Data – Information – Knowledge - Wisdom
•
*https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/DIKIW%3A-Data%2C-Information%2C-Knowledge%2C-Intelligence%2C
-Liew/695f73fef84353bcec7cb66c0683f582522e18e2/figure/0

The end