PAVELKA, Jan and Peter KOVÁČIK. AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TILLAGE EROSION EXPERIMENT: ESTABLISHING A NEW FIELD IN GRASSLANDS WITH RECONSTRUCTED ARD PLOUGH OF THE BRONZE AGE -IRON AGE. Cuadernos de Investigación Geografica. Universidad de La Rioja: Universidad de La Rioja, 2017, N.43, No 43, p. 101-118. ISSN 0211-6820.
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Basic information
Original name AN INTERDISCIPLINARY TILLAGE EROSION EXPERIMENT: ESTABLISHING A NEW FIELD IN GRASSLANDS WITH RECONSTRUCTED ARD PLOUGH OF THE BRONZE AGE -IRON AGE
Name in Czech Interdisciplinární experiment orebné eroze: Založení noviny na louce za pomocí rádla z doby bronzové-halštatské
Authors PAVELKA, Jan (203 Czech Republic, guarantor, belonging to the institution) and Peter KOVÁČIK (203 Czech Republic, belonging to the institution).
Edition Cuadernos de Investigación Geografica, Universidad de La Rioja, Universidad de La Rioja, 2017, 0211-6820.
Other information
Original language English
Type of outcome Article in a journal
Field of Study 60100 6.1 History and Archaeology
Country of publisher Spain
Confidentiality degree is not subject to a state or trade secret
WWW URL
RIV identification code RIV/47813059:19240/17:A0000121
Organization unit Faculty of Philosophy and Science in Opava
Keywords (in Czech) orba; eroze; rádlo; archeologický experiment; doba bronzová; environmentální dopad; interdisciplinární přístup
Keywords in English tillage erosion; ard; archaeological experiment; Bronze Age; environmental impact; interdisciplinary approach
Tags International impact, Reviewed
Changed by Changed by: Petra Kuklová, učo 49009. Changed: 5/4/2018 11:11.
Abstract
Despite recognising the role of tillage erosion in landforms evolution, little research has documented its effects in prehistoric times. Herein, an interdisciplinary archaeological-geomorphological experiment with reconstructed tillage tools and management was conducted in order to measure tillage erosion when a new field in grasslands was established in the Bronze Age-Iron Age. Three wooden ards were reconstructed based on archaeological findings. They were tested in a cross-tillage experiment, consisting of a tillage pass perpendicular to the primary slope (6.5-9.7%), and a second tillage pass parallel to the primary slope of a convex-convex ridge with mowed grass (0.2 m high, vegetation cover >90%). The standard sole ard proved to be the most effective, with a mean tillage depth of ~0.12 m, a mean tillage speed of 3.8 km h , and a mean distance between furrows of 0.20-0.25 m. Only 13% of the 264 tracers placed on 6 transects were displaced, and the mean tracers displacement parallel to the primary slope was 0.04 ± 0.17 m. Contour tillage perpendicular to primary slope created V or U shaped furrows with a mean depth of 0.1-0.12 m, a mean width of 0.05-0.1 m, and incision under the main root zone. Only soil in direct contact with the ard was displaced, with a mean translocation distance of 0.06 ± 0.2 m parallel and 0.06 ± 0.3 m perpendicular to the primary slope. During tillage parallel to slope, soil clods of ~0.20 x 0.25 x 0.10 m were created and slightly disturbed or turned over one another. The tracers moved within the furrows and with the soil clods. Loose soil, resembling a seedbed, was not covered by soil clods. Mean displacement during the second pass was 0.03 ± 0.19 m parallel and 0.00 ± 0.15 m perpendicular to primary slope. The displacement from cross-tillage with a wooden ard in permanent grasslands was lower than many previously measured values of traditional animal-powered metal ploughs in permanent fields. No relationship between mean soil displacement and slope gradient was found. Dense vegetation and root structure influenced ard soil-penetration, its movement within the soil, and the displacement of tracers packed between the roots. Cross-tillage with a wooden ard proved to be insufficient for seedbed preparation. The results suggest that grazing or fire management, followed by repeated tillage with ard or hoe in order to destroy soil clods were necessary to establish a new field in grasslands during the Bronze Age-Iron Age
Abstract (in Czech)
Interdiciplinární výzkum, byl zaměřen na mírně zvlněný svah (6.5-9.7%), rekonstruovaným plazovým rádlem byla provedena tzv. křížová orba, vyoraná brázda dosahovala v průměru 12 cm, rozestupy brázd byly 20-25 cm, průměrná rychlost 3,8 km/h. Posun půdy zapříčiněný orbou byl pouze 13 %, nejznatelněji rovnoběžně s primárním svahem 4 ± 17cm. Během orby vznikali brázdy jak s profilem V tak i s profilem U. Při paralelní orbě vznikali hroudy 20x25x10 cm, prorostlé drnem který byl orbou lehce narušen ale zároveň byl převrácen. Velikost svahu neprokázala vliv na posun hlíny při křížové orbě. Výsledná zoraná půda ze soudobého pohledu představuje nedostatečnou přípravu pro osev, není vyloučeno že v minulosti byla takto zakládaná pole ještě upraveny motykou.
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