Analyzing and deciding on capital structure is one of the core activities of any company, as evidenced by the vast amount of research. Each sector is characterized by a different capital structure. This article deals with the impact of profitability, non-debt tax shield, GDP growth rate, and inflation rate on the overall, long-term, and short-term debt of medium and large civil engineering companies. The analysis is carried out for the period 2009–2018 on eleven selected economies, including the extended Visegrád Group and Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. The input data is obtained from the Orbis database and the World Bank database. Panel regression using the Generalized Method of Moment is used to analyze the influence of selected determinants on debt