The aim of the introductory study was to clarify the basic concepts and theoretical starting points related to nationality issues in the Central European region in the period under review and to draw attention to differences in their application or use. The first part deals with various concepts of Central and Central Eastern Europe and their application in the Czech and international environment. The second subchapter characterizes national and ethnic minorities as well as variable applications of nationality and ethnicity in various social sciences, basic concepts and models of assimilation and integration of minorities in relation to the Central European region, and the current concept of social exclusion and inclusion in minority policy. The next part of the text is devoted to the reminder of the main forms of external (international) and internal (national) migrations, their motives and patterns of behaviour in political and economic migration, and the differences between voluntary and forced migration. Their occurrence in the monitored region is illustrated in the final indicative overview of the main migration processes in the Czech Republic in the years 1945–2020.