This paper analyses and compares the specifics of the social security systems in the Czech Republic and Slovakia with a focus on maternity and parenthood. The chosen topic is illustrated by diagrams of social security systems, namely state social support benefits and sickness insurance benefits. The article focuses specifically on maternity, parental and paternity benefits as well as birth grants and pregnancy allowances. The aim of the paper is to present and evaluate the specifics of the social security systems with a focus on these benefits as well as their amount and to point out their differences. The methods used in the paper are description, descriptive analysis, comparative analysis and comparison. To obtain the data and information used in the paper, literature and legislation of the Czech Republic and Slovakia were used. The results of the analysis and comparison will be beneficial not only for the scientific community but also the general public.